ICCPP - 2019

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://192.248.9.226/handle/123/21889

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7th International Urban Design Conference on Cities, People and Places (Per Text)
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Dayaratne, R
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Liveability standards for cities; an urban design framework
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Sathish, A; Kini, MK; Dayaratne, R
“A liveable community is one that has affordable and appropriate housing, supportive community features and services, and adequate mobility options, which together facilitate personal independence and the engagement of residents in civic and social life” (AARP, 2005). A broad concept, Liveability encompasses everything from basic human needs of food, shelter and security to higher order requirements of an individual and social material and immaterial well-being. Mercer’s Quality of Living Survey, which is the basis for both Global Liveability Index and Forbes Liveable Cities Ranking, looks at the criteria of Recreation, Housing, Economic Environment, Consumer goods availability, Public Services and transport, Political and Social environment, Natural Environment, Socio-cultural environment, School and Education, Medical and health considerations. Similarly, world over, most liveability indices focus on quantitative aspects of infrastructure availability that, while related to, are not themselves elements of the built environment, and the Urban Design components that ensure various facets of Community Liveability have not been looked into in detail. The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India, has developed a set of ‘Liveability Standards in Cities’ to generate a Liveability Index and rate cities. Here too, the focus is on urban infrastructure, and disregards how the built environment influences how people relate to each other, creates opportunity for community to form, and strengthens depth of our social networks which in turn facilitates social cohesion, cultural continuity, sense of place identity, and resilience of community. The disjunction between the supportive infrastructure that facilitate the urban life and inadequacy in addressing the basics of liveability in terms of urban design framework are addressed in this paper and focusing on high-density, mixed-use urban neighbourhoods, further attempts to supplement the ‘Liveability Standards in Cities’ with additional urban design criteria to make it a comprehensive tool to assess Liveability of Cities.
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An analytical study to ascertain the influence of art movement of the 43 group on the work of Geoffrey Bawa
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Hallock, Y; Weliange, D; Dayaratne, R
To understand buildings and environments, we must first understand the society and culture in which they exist. The most famous and profound architectural trends from Renaissance architecture to the Bauhaus movement found root in fine art movements, which in turn were representative of the changing ideals and values in the societies and cultures in which they were birthed. This paper will look to establish the role of art in architecture and to what degree an eminent architect of the 20th century influenced and has embraced art in architecture. In doing so the research draws reference to the New Art Movements that emerged in the West in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and how it shaped the birth of the Modern Movement in architecture. It then shifts focus to the local context; Sri Lanka at the brink of independence, the oppression of colonial rule and subdued tradition, the emergence of a modern movement in Sri Lankan art through the 43 Group which was supported by a cohort of thinkers with a pro nationalistic outlook, and the subsequent emergence of a new architectural trend; tropical modernism through the work of Geoffrey Bawa. The work of both the 43 Group and Geoffrey Bawa have been studied to great extent individually yet not side by side. The research draws similarities between three recurring themes in the artist's work as identified through literature alongside three recurring architectural features in the architect's work identified through the case studies. It draws conclusion with expert opinions and thoughts from individuals who have either closely associated with Geoffrey Bawa and members of the 43 Group or those who have studied their work extensively.
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Prison architecture and its attention to the re-socialization process of inmates
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Bohoran, T; Weliange, D; Dayaratne, R
The penal system has been a reflection of society's changing attitudes toward crime and its consequences (Fikfak, et al., 2015) over centuries. The prison is the 19th Century a result of this. Solutions to dealing with the increasing crime rates have evolved significantly, from methods such as public execution and torture to spatial confinement (prisons) and discipline to rehabilitation and reintegration. But why are prisons still crowding and why does crime still prevail? The historical evolution of punishment methods and the sociological theories on causes, influencing factors and social perception of crimes discussed in this paper help contextualize the theoretical framework of this study which addresses the 21st century approach to creating a crime free society, through architectural and spatial design of prisons that can enhance effective re-socialization of inmates. It establishes the purpose of a de-carcerative1 prison, which is the ability of such an institution to create a space that mirrors the socio-cultural environment in which the prison is established, in terms of functionality and architecture, without compromising the purpose of the institution itself, which is to deprive freedom as punishment. Such prisons help inmates ease into adapting to a lifestyle that is regimented in terms of time, space and movement (Foucault, 1975) but provides the inmate access to humane spaces that positively reinforce his/her psychological and emotional stability. The primary benefit of this study is to determine if Sri Lankan prisons are moving in the right direction while giving insight to how prisons in other regions could help us develop our approach to re-socialization. Using examples of maximum security prisons from the local context and developed nations in Europe, this study discusses the socio-cultural, functional and architectural aspects that can enhance re-socialization effectively. The analysis is derived through literature, visual surveys, observation studies, and interviews. The findings of this research indicates that Sri Lankan prisons have attempted to evolve functionally, but are however slightly hyper-carcerative2 in terms of socio-cultural and spatial aspects in comparison to those in Europe, known for its progressive systems of punishment.
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Urban design strategies for shanghai and nanjing: application of “in-between realm” and “sharing”
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Jie, S; Yi, S; Dayaratne, R
This paper explores the issue of exploiting anonymous urban space and buildings to improve the quality of people’s life in developing countries such as China. And the background of the issue is based on the research on chaos caused by urbanization and aging problems in China. Firstly, this paper definitely traces the thoughts of the “in- between realm” in the architectural field since the architecture modernism, and further extends this spatial phenomenon into the urban context. Secondly, according to the research which used mapping as an relatively reliable methodology on “in- between realm” of specific urban blocks in China(including Nanjing and Shanghai), the existing problems about such anonymous urban spaces are summarized; finally, based on the related design in Shanghai and Nanjing that participated by the authors, a new strategy based on the concept of “sharing” and the “in- between realm” at both architecture and city aspects were explored.
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Urban residential dynamics: a new trend of emerging gated communities1in and around Kandy city, Sri Lanka
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Arularasi, B; Hanjagi, AD; Hennayake, N; Dayaratne, R
This study explores the emerging phenomena of gated communities in and around the second largest city, Kandy in Sri Lanka, within the context of a larger study aimed at understanding the changing residential dynamics and their impact on the development of the city itself. Although gated communities have been a common phenomenon in Colombo, they are just emerging in Kandy at a time when rapid transformations in its spatial structure are taking place. This study attempts to identify different types of gated communities along with their residential characteristic’s and motives and to figure out why they are located in the rural hinterland of Kandy. This study was conducted through a series of in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, informal discussions along with regular direct observations in 2018 and the beginning of 2019. The study identifies three types of gated communities in Kandy, which can be classified as ornamental, semi - featured, fully - gated community projects. Most of these gated communities are located outside the city boundaries, at a distance of about 16 -18 kilometers, in the rural surroundings. The preliminary findings of the study reveal that they are wrought by the scenery, greenery and the rurality of the locations that provide an experiential difference for those in the cities. Very interestingly, the residents (current and potential) of these gated communities are either who are residents in Colombo from wealthy business class or foreigners who have investment interests. This spatial transformation, especially in the rural hinterland, is slowly popularizing with a new urban socio-spatiality dynamic of ‘outsider into an insider’ and ‘insider into an outsider.’ In order to capture this new socio-spatial dynamic of gated communities, the study theoretically engages with the spatiality of human life and third space as developed by Edward Soja in 1996.
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Impact of dutch forts on their urban context
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Wickrama, KA; Weliange, D; Dayaratne, R
The strategic locations of the Dutch Forts were built on an urban set-up based on ease of collection and export of spices, elephant tusks and other commodities. These points developed into urban areas centred around this focal activity. Currently even though they are in ruins or part ruins, they still stand in an urban setting which has developed around the said fortification since its inception. Eg: Jaffna, Mannar, Batticaloa. This paper looks at how the importance of these are still within an urban context and how they have shifted use from a defence post to a community use; administration, pleasure, living or tourism. It was built initially to keep the locals community away and now it is adapted to bring the community in. The socio-cultural change deals with how the colonisers dominated the fortifications and how currently the locals use it to solve their own problems and for emergencies. This study was carried out to develop a comprehensive understanding of the fortifications, its related socio-culture pertaining to the people and its locality during the time of colonial rule. Along with how adaptive reuse has been taken into consideration during conservation of these monuments for the betterment of the city it is in. The objective of this study was to document the reuse of the colonial forts on the coastal belt of Sri Lanka and assess whether the adapted reuse is sustainable.
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Significance of kulam1 as a component of urban public space with special reference to Jaffna city
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Ashley, S; Weliange, D; Dayaratne, R
This paper studies the criticality of ‘Kulangal’ in the context of war-stricken Jaffna in an environmental perspective, looking at these drainage ponds as having potential to be incorporated as a component of public spaces that are usable by the people of the city. They are artificially created or created in existing natural depression the ‘Kulangal’ act as a catchment for rain water, serving to recharge water to underground aquifers. Cites can be described as complex human settlements with highly dense populations, complex infrastructure and built environment. Green space and Blue space are the new terminology that is used in urban design of open spaces of a city. Urban green spaces are salient to the composition of great cities, where these public semi- natural spaces entwine with the built fabric of the city. The necessity for green space results in the conversion of existing natural spaces or built environments into open green spaces that are usable, an essential aspect that reflects a constant need for connection between the human and the natural environment, in order to establish calm, wellbeing and good mental and physical health. As Kulangal serve the dual purpose of serving as a characteristic feature of the Jaffna landscape while also being a sensitive element of the environment, it is essential to rehabilitate these Kulangal and convert it into usable public open space that can enrich the lives of the urban population of Jaffna. As a result of the civil war that lasted more than two decades, the social integration within the community and the importance of sensitive components of environment were neglected. As a result of the neglection these rainwater catchment ponds that collect, store and discharge gradually, excess runoff to the sea or lagoon are in a state of dilapidation. In addition to this foremost purpose of stormwater catchment that result in lesser occurrence of floods during seasons of high rainfall, the Kulangal also act as cooling agents that help with drought mitigation. The primary objective is to establish the importance of Kulangal as an element of the urban context of Jaffna City and the aim of this paper is to rationalize Kulangal, based on urban design theories, as potentially restorable water bodies that can be converted into public open green spaces as an integrated component of Jaffna’s built environment. The study was conducted in 3 different ways to study Kulam in Jaffna Municipal Council area. It is initially evaluated as the network of Kulangal and then focus on two Kulangal as individual case studies. At last a public survey was conducted to gauge their awareness of the historical significance of the Kulangal as well as their perceptions and opinions of the redevelopment of Kulangal as a significant part of public realm of Jaffna City.
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Search in the void: an investigation on role of spatial experience in park design
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Iftekher, M; Dayaratne, R
This paper primarily argues about the nature of an urban void in the contemporary urban culture. In the age of urbanization, the role of an urban open space is manifold, and urban green and urban open space remains one of the most important link between man and nature. The urban park therefore, can become an important element within the fabric that tries to resonate with the city as well as engaging man into a range of enticing sensual experiences through natural elements. In doing so, striking a balance becomes a challenge - there are examples of parks who lean more towards urbanity while many remain close to the romantic aspect of the park as a ‘gateway to nature’ – and somehow the aspects of man and his perception of space, a topic that always gets the spotlight in the fields of architecture, remain side-lined. In this context, through analysing design strategies in one local park and two very famous and talked about urban parks - the highly successful Central Park in New York and the acclaimed design of Parc de la Villlete in Paris, this paper tries to investigate the possibility of existential space theory and spatial experience as a strategic design tool to engage and enhance social cohesion and place attachment in an urban park.
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How to establish the proactive defence system of public building space in the tourist area
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) He, J; Dayaratne, R
The research objective of this paper is to prevent accidents that endanger personal safety by setting up a multi-level active emergency defence system in the public building space of the holiday tourist area. The current disaster prevention measures applied in the public building space don't play their defensive role effectively. The fatal problem of the public space defence research state of the past accidents is static, passive. In fact, the distribution of people in public space is movement and change; people in space are moving, and buildings will have dynamic changes in emergencies. The design of the active emergency defines system for the public space should draw on the research theory of dynamics, establish the research frame from the perspective of microscopic research of architecture and city, absorb the advantages of the current disaster prevention measures, and further develop new multi-levels. The design of the active emergency defence system of the public space, in response to various hazards including crime and noise etc. to protect the personal safety of the personnel present. The automatic & manual control of the active emergency system should be reversible and easy to maintain. The public building space studied in this paper is located in the tourist area. It mainly studies the design of the defence system and requires more technical priorities and difficulties. The active emergency defence system of the public building space in the tourist area should be active defence, supplemented by passive defence. On the basis of the set supporting facilities to meet the safety objectives, the operation of the multi-dimensional active emergency defence system should consider the instantaneous and dynamic nature of space defence.
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Caring neighbourhoods in managing cities for transforming futures
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Wijesundara, J; Weerasinghe, UGD; Perera, R; Dayaratne, R
City performance ensures references to the spatial form of the city or any built environment as places for people. The quality of a place is a result of the combined effect of place and society that inhabits in it. In managing cities, it is important to understand behavior of different social groups reflected in urban formation and transformation. Several performance dimensions are identified in Good City forms; it should be vital, sensible, well fitted, accessible, well controlled and all of these are achieved with integrity and internal efficiency. They are the collective experience of urban form of a city; at local community space levels, giving birth to neighbourhood sustainability. As an important concept in Planning and Architecture, Sustainability has become vital in contemplation of cities. In the development of neighbourhoods, it has received lesser attention particularly in the context of developing countries for some reason. However, cities cannot be considered sustainable and cared, if constituent neighbourhoods, do not meet sustainability measures. It is clear that the urban form of a city is constantly facing to challenges in transforming into futures, and therefore, should with-stand to impending social, environmental and economic requirements of the neighbourhoods; where people live in and work at. This paper attempts to discover the sustainable identity of a selected residential neighbourhood in Colombo inner city limits as a case sample, to recognize its determinant factors in design formation. Further it investigates the means of improving and maintaining them, to be preserved as long lasting, great urban neighbourhoods. This will address the essentials in caring such urban neighbourhoods as distinctive living entities, which are momentous constituents of changing city.
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Landscape architecture as a branding tool in marketing tourism: a study of resort hotels in southern coastal zone Sri Lanka
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Wickramasinghe, D; Dharmasena, J; Dayaratne, R
Landscape Architecture and hotel industry have a closer affinity considering its huge contribution for the growth, branding and attracting tourists. For a destination to be branded, it will be need more than one specification. When Architecture contributing in a one hand side Landscape Architecture is it’s the other hand. Hotel industry is Sri Lanka’s key driver of economic growth and the prominence. Sri Lanka gets many benefits from tourism industry because of many reasons such as its location, natural beauty, resources makes little island a paradise which nobody refuses a visit. Attracting tourists directs benefits to the destination branding and economical profits for the hotels in Sri Lanka. Selected study area is Southern coastal zone in Sri Lanka since many preferred tourism destinations has recorded in this part of the country. Nevertheless, hoteliers must go through competitive strategies to uplift their outcomes. This study will indicate strategies, theories and methods that can be applied to brand a tourism destination by attracting tourists through the applications of Landscape Architecture. This study will identify the existing constraints, indulgences regarding the resort hotels. Research problem specifies the interconnection between tourism and marketing, how does it involve with Landscape Architecture and how does current Landscaping strategies that have used in hotel industry helps with its growth will be discussed through the study. Data has collected for the research through online survey, interviews and questionnaires to gather qualitative and quantitative data. Findings shows that the tourists preferred more outdoor spaces in the hotels rather than stay in indoors. Therefore, the demand on Landscape features are higher than the other aspects. According to the analysis, as a conclusion Landscape Architecture elements and features can be considered as a main function and a branding tool in marketing tourism in hotel industry. These strategies and the outcomes can be used for any location with geographical similarities worldwide.
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Urban-informality: analysing the present scenario of Dhaka city and approaches towards the control and betterment
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Ananna, AT; Islam, Z; Nova, IS; Dayaratne, R
The metamorphosis of urban informality challenges the formalization of the traditional design and planning processes of a city. This paper discusses the rapidly changing variation of informal uses of open urban spaces and its impact on urban life in the context of Dhaka, Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, a significant percentage of urban population resides below poverty line which is quantified as 21.3%. A portion of these urban poor is identified in official planning process as spatially delineated slums, industrial zones, riverbanks etc.; whereas a considerable part is found to be living beneath open sky within rail stations, on footpaths, foot-over bridges, parks and below fly-overs, denoted as floating people. These urban poor are trying to earn their livelihood often occupying the urban public spaces through various informal practices and consequentially this informal nature begins to co-exist with formal urban system. The study undertakes a reconnaissance survey and comprehensive analysis of two different categories of urban spaces in Dhaka. Within this context, the paper investigates the dynamic informal growth as well as the push factors behind the emergence of this situation. This paper attempts to delineate the present scenario of urban informality and the impact of that on the formal uses of those urban spaces. It shows that the informal uses either equal or outnumber the formal and designed uses. It is high time to make urban planning and design inclusive of these volatile factors and initiate a comprehensive strategy to mitigate the chaos of the current situation of Dhaka. The informal users are now a vital part of this city who cannot be neglected and deserve an alternative perspective of humanitarian approach. However, for long term planning, it is crucial to ensure less congestion of informal users in urban spaces since this organic and rapid growth pattern may arise immense planning related problem for the capital city in the future. Finally, an attempt has been made to provide some direct and indirect approaches to cope with these situations encouraging to control the issues responsible behind the negative impact.
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Geo-spatial model validation in the context of low-land conversion due to households emerging in the Colombo sub-urban
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Hemakumara, GPTS; Rainis, R; Dayaratne, R
This study examines how individual households have been emerging in the low lying areas during the period 2005-2012 in the core study area of Colombo Metropolitan Region ( CMR) and also the process through which they have gradually established themselves as either stable or unstable households. Mass manipulation of geo-spatial factors in innumerable land plots has inevitably led to increasing negative environmental effects in the region. Hence, an attempt is made to build a geo-spatial model that can be used as a guide and index to help understand how the unending process of individual households emerging in the CMR. The primary focus of the study is comparison of main model data with validation model; hence, validation procedure of this study has been explained and compared with the main model. The typical individual household plot has been chosen as the unit of analysis. Information from 408 households was collected from the core study area to build the main model and perform validation and then the data was tested with a spatial logistic regression model. The main model indicated an accuracy of about 92.2% together with high significance levels for 8 variables out of the total 19 variables namely Household income (HI), Ground water surface level (GWS), Public participatory practice (PPP),Permanent plants growing in plot (PPG), Rain water remaining in the plot (RWR), Skilled jobs (SKJ), Technical skills and adaptation (TSA) and Low lying related plants availability (LLP). Predicted probability value of each housing plot mapped with GIS can be seen with the spatial distribution displayed clearly. Accuracy of the model validation process is 85.09% that indicates compatibly well. Based on predicted probability value of each land plot, both models have been run together with field data from the geo-spatial information system
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Conflicting interactions between elephant habitats and human settlements; a case of Hambanthota
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Herat, HMM; Abenayake, C; Wattege, P; Fernando, KD; Dayaratne, R
Conflicts between human and elephants are one of the most widespread regional issues in Sri Lanka, particularly in the dry zone. Moreover, human-elephant conflict is increasing, predominantly in areas where expansion of human settlements cultivation, water sources and other developments. Human-elephant conflicts in these regions are increasing despite the management interventions of the government authorities. The impact of human-elephant conflict may take several forms including human death, agricultural crop losses, infrastructural damages and disturbances to the daily routine of the community such as travel to work and school. Habitat fragmentation and habitat loss can be considered as the main reasons for increasing human-elephant conflicts. Habitat fragmentation can be defined as a landscape ecological process involving both habitat shrinking and the dissection of habitat. There is a strong relationship between the habitat fragmentation and the habitat loss. This research work analyses how habitat fragmentation as a process affects on habitat loss of elephants and human-elephant conflicts in Hambanthota region. Therefore, this research questions the causative factors for increasing elephant human conflicts in Hambanthota region based on the information collected through secondary sources, key informant interviews and field observations. Further this research discusses how to manage the human settlements development coherent with the biodiversity particularly elephants’ habitats. The paper recommends how to adopt the concept of co-management in order to achieve the twin objectives of biodiversity conservation and safeguarding human security in the process of spatial strategy making.
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Urban heat island and Indian metropolian cities –a case study of Bangalore metropolitan city
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Suhas, SKB; Kumar, TMM; Dayaratne, R
Urbanization is not a modern phenomenon but, an accelerated growth in urban areas and urban activities is relatively new low latitude in third world countries. Urbanization in third world is characterized by increasing population in cities as well as emergence of new metropolitan cities from cities such changes in the demographic configuration have triggered the economic displacements. It is recognized as the most evident characteristics of urban climate. It has resulted in the conversion of the natural land cover (LC) into impervious surface materials such concrete, asphalt, metal and decreasing areas of parks and play grounds, water bodies causing the development of urban heat island (UHI)phenomenon . Urban areas exhibits higher air and surface temperature than rural areas landing UHI phenomenon characterization and identification of UHI are based on Land Surface Temperature (LST), which is the skin temperature of the Earth’s surface. LST has been as a primary factor for examining surface energy balance budget and accessing surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect. LST also helps in investigating risks associated with heat and susceptibility in Bangalore metropolitan cities. The rise in LST is many influenced by the energy interference between the atmosphere and Earth surface. Bangalore are particularly vulnerable to hazards such as urban heat island effect, urban floods and water scarcity because of rapid and unplanned urbanization most of which will be exacerbated by climate change. From the land use analysis show that spatial extent of tree vegetation In Bangalore is 100.02 sqkm(14.02). Bangalore has an average density of 0.15. Spatial extension of temperature shows that area unit of higher temperature increases. This study high lights the city has crossed the threshold of urbanization evident from a range of psychological, social and health impact like enhanced asthma level, respiratory infection etc. Data analysis and preventive measures are enlightened in this paper.
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Perceived safety in urban restorative environments: a study with reference to prospect-refuge symbols
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Kawshalya, G; Dharmasena, J; Dayaratne, R
The importance of the relationship between human and landscape has been the main focus of many studies as a result of the urbanization. The complex lifestyles of urbanites have proven the necessity of ‘the sense of belonginess’ while inhabiting common urban environments. Anxiety, distress or uneasiness due to the lack of sense of belongingness is the reason for seeking the sense of safety in urban spaces by the urbanites. The Habitat theory states that human feel safer in environments which assures the biological needs of man. Similarly, Prospect and Refuge claims that the environments which provides the ability to see (Prospect) without being seen (Refuge) is preferred by the human. With this; four scenarios have been developed as Strong prospect, inversely balanced, perfectly balanced and Strong refuge to assess the perceived safety. Information processing theory, Prospect and Refuge Theory and the derived framework of Biophilia Hypothesis were accompanied to build up a set of physical attributes (complexity, coherence, naturalness, mystery and locomotion) which were tested for the perceived safety in the selected case study, Beddagana wetland park, Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte and Diyasaru Park, Thalawathugoda. (30 experts from each case study). The users selected the perfectly balanced scenario (open view and closed observing point - conditions which support the ability to see without being seen) as the space with highest perceived safety. The coherence (the openness or the enclosure of the surrounding) has been selected as the most impacted physical attribute for the aforementioned perception. This proves the Appleton’s theory which claims that the human still feels safe in environments which assures the basic biological needs of human and; the openness and enclosure of the physical surrounding impacts mainly to this preference. The final result can be accommodated in the future planning and other related disciplines.
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Systematic application of green cleaning in Sri Lankan healthcare sector
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Rathnasiri, AKNE; Sridarran, P; Ekanayake, BJ; Dayaratne, R
Extensive use of complex cleaning chemicals and disinfectants in the healthcare industry has raised concern over the effectiveness of conventional cleaning in creating a safe and healthy environment. The increasing rate of adverse respiratory and dermatological illnesses among healthcare custodians has emerged the need for effective yet safer cleaning alternatives. Green cleaning was introduced in the 1980s as a substitution for conventional cleaning. Green cleaning denotes methods and products of cleaning, which incorporated environmental friendly ingredients designed to preserve human health and environmental quality. Even though there is rapid adoption of green cleaning in developed countries, developing countries seem to fall behind in shifting to green cleaning. However, ad hoc green cleaning practices are incorporating in the Sri Lankan healthcare sector. This research focuses on investigating the systematic application of green cleaning in the Sri Lankan healthcare sector. A qualitative research approach has been undertaken to pursue the research aim. A comprehensive literature synthesis was carried out to review the green cleaning concept. Expert interviews were conducted among cleaning related personals of both private and government healthcare facilities and the collected data was analysed through content analysis techniques. It was affirmed that green cleaning ad hoc practices are higher compared to the systematic practices. This reveals the possibility of integrating green cleaning into Sri Lankan healthcare sector. However, the need for a collaborative effort from the green cleaning stakeholders was proven. Green cleaning strategies encompassing educational, management, government and market conditions are identified. Improving the awareness, top management commitment, government policies and regulations, improved marketing and custodian's positive attitudes are some identified strategies that could be applied to overcome the barriers.
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Impact of unregulated developments in urban villages of hyderabad city on outdoor thermal comfort
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Edupuganti, SR; Mukherjee, M; Dayaratne, R
Indian Cities are transforming at a frantic pace. As cities expand, villages and rural areas on the periphery become an integral part of the city fabric. Unregulated Developments are often a byproduct of urban villages formed by this frantic pace of development, especially in developing countries. Urban villages have some statutory provisions decentralized from the central city planning agencies that are often exploited. There is a morphological divergence in this transition resulting in unstructured and possibly unregulated development; the impact of which is not often delineated. This is further complicated by the disconnect between urban climate and urban planning. The morphological characteristics of the development have an impact on the outdoor thermal comfort that has a significant impact on the health and well being of the people. This study is focused on Hyderabad; the fourth most populous city in India that is rapidly expanding due to the advent of the IT industry. Presently, there are 175 urban villages in the Hyderabad metropolitan area. This paper evaluates the case of two urban villages Nizampet Village and Pragathi Nagar. Nizampet Village is an extreme case of exploitation of the urban village provisions leading to unregulated development while Pragathi Nagar has a stricter implementation. This presents an interesting case to study the impact of unregulated developments associated with the urban villages in Hyderabad city on outdoor thermal comfort while exploring the effect of morphological parameters like orientation, vegetation.
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Aesthetic aspects of infill architecture in heritage city; a study with reference to Kandy
(Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2019-11-14) Subhashani, DMGC; Dayaratne, R
Development of a city is a unique historical process, which has grown up over centuries and derived its shape and appearance. The concept “Caring cities” form on the ground in terms of the tangible “experience” of our cities. The physical structure of a city is the result of the order of the built form, which is a creation of man of living. Within this physical structure, built fabric becomes the most important component, as it contains of people that creates the image of the city. To liveable and lovable, cities need to be continuously cared for and managed. The unified environment is harmonious and has a distinctive architectural character and townscape value. When designing an infill building in a heritage context, it is essential to consider about the aesthetic aspect and contextual design. Previous studies have focused on compatibility of new buildings and their surroundings but not on the aesthetical features that are needed to preserve its cultural harmony. Making guidelines is not the sole purposes of infill designing in a heritage context but also there should be a better understating of visual harmony which makes the sense of the place and the aesthetic value of the buildings. Such as mass, colour rhythm proportions etc. The author suggests five aesthetic design strategies that the author has developed according to Davis (2003), Semes (2007) and Shane (1976). Those five strategies were applied to the selected ten buildings in three different streets in Kandy city namely Dalada Veediya, Temple Road and Deva Veediya were examined. The design of infill buildings should respect the aesthetic character of the context and it should be harmonious with the surrounding. This research is based on existing vulnerable situation of Kandy and inappropriate maintaining process of historic city by infill architecture. Facilities for the city have been provided according to needs of the city without considering any value. This undesirable growth can be seen as breaking position of the linkage of past, present and future situation of the city. Therefore it is necessary to use proper methods to fulfil aesthetic sense of infill buildings.

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