ICCPP - 2014

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://192.248.9.226/handle/123/22077

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Re-inventing Cities and Places (Pre-Text)
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
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Towards creating better cities: problems and potentials of transit oriented development as community development tool in Dhaka
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Islam, N; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Peter Calthorpe saw Transit Oriented Development (TOD) as a neotraditional guide to sustainable community design, rather than an excuse for new infrastructure development. Coming to Dhaka, it has become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants, and its population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015. Lack of sufficient public transport facilities to support this growing demand and efficient transport management paired with increasing automobile dependency resulting into serious traffic congestion in addition to air pollution induced health hazard, reduced productivity and additional stress on city dwellers. Considering this situation the government of Bangladesh has identified priority issues such as improvement of mass transit system (buses and rail transportations). But in spite of all the detail technical guidelines regarding the transit networks, little evidence has been found regarding how the surrounding community is going to be affected or benefited due to this new transit infrastructures and how these changes can be guided. This is where this paper considers to critically investigating the problems and prospects of mass transit system in Dhaka and potential of TOD as a promising concept for strengthening the local communities. The investigation has been based on examining documented evidences such as national guidelines, international case study and informal social survey in one of the busiest influence zones along the proposed mass transit corridors. The findings focus on the positive perspectives of the local community supporting the TOD and some of the policy and institutional barriers that might hamper the benefits TOD application may yield in the context of Dhaka.
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Creating public spaces for all: learning from public spaces in Colombo
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Anam, AA; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
In the wake of heavy investment on public space in and around Colombo it is the responsibility of designers to ensure that public funds are utilized for the creation of context-appropriate public spaces which satisfy the expectations of all its users. A study was carried out to understand the difference in use and enjoyment of public space by the different socio- economic groups that constitute society today to help decipher the values they associate with it. The cases chosen for the study were Galle Face, Independence Square (IPS) and Diyatha Uyana. The analysis of qualities provided at each place in conjunction with the composition of its users and their opinions, helped identify the attributes of public space that appealed to different socio-economic groups. The study proceeded to identify commonalities and differences in preference amongst these urban social groups, to understand if public space may be neutral; so it suits all, irrespective of our differences.
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Towards creating child-friendly cities: allocation of urban spaces to children in Mashhad, Iran
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Bahar, M; Katayoon, A; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Children are the future contributors and decision makers of the world. They are equal citizens with the same rights as adults and are valued as citizens of today, rather than future citizens or citizens of tomorrow. The day is coming when the majority of the world’s children will grow up in cities and towns. Every year, the world’s urban population increases by approximately 60 million people. Most of this growth is taking place in low- and middle-income countries. Asia is home to half of the world’s urban population. It is now thought that six out of 10 of our future children will grow up in cities, in poverty, at risk. Yet, most cities are largely unfriendly to children and have governments that take few steps to address children’s needs and assess children’s priorities.This paper aims to review the urban facilities per capita assigned to children in the urban spaces of Mashhad city. In this study, the desired information collected by referring to the documents and based on these information the conclusion has been made. The findings indicate that the rate of facilities per capita assigned to the spaces for children in the development plans of Mashhad do not meet the needs of this part of community. Therefore, pay attention to the needs of children in the development plans of Mashhad and moving toward child-friendly city can be provide better living conditions not only for children but also for all citizens.
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Learning from precedents: emerging urban planning practices towards livable communities in Dhaka
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Fatemi, N; Islam, N; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
The objective of this paper is to reveal the shift of thoughts in city planning in terms of livability demonstrated in one of the newly planned satellite towns of Dhaka city. Ever since the emergence of the term 'livable cities' back in 1980’s by IMCL (International Making Cities Livable LLC), considerable amount of research and practice have been oriented towards understanding how the contemporary cities should grow or be planned for livability, in terms of physical, socio-economic and cultural aspects. Cities around the globe demonstrate diversified vision, policies and strategies for achieving these desired goals. This paper takes Dhaka city as a case study to critically investigate the intentions and attempts of urban planning and design practice focused on the livability aspects of the city. The human settlement of Dhaka city can be traced back as early as the 12th century. Till then, the city received attention, negligence, natural calamity, political instability and went through a number of philosophical views as well as planning proposals for its development. In all its efforts, the intrinsic components of livability were much less emphasized due to the major thrust on city’s physical constraint, limited land resources along with negligence in detail area and neighborhood planning. But recent efforts in one of the newly planned satellite town Purbachal shows evidence of change in the traditional paradigm of planning practice. The ultimate objective of this paper is to reveal the points where the proposed master plan of Purbachal succeeded or failed to embrace the principals of livability learnt from earlier precedence of greater Dhaka city. The findings of this paper have been extracted from the studio exercise of Urban Design Studio of the Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific. The study was mainly based on case study, examining documented evidence and map & model study along with expert interview.
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Place making journey: transition in urban public open spaces from ancient to modern age
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Soraganvi, S; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Urban planning and design has proven to be an important element in shaping life styles, solving problems and giving new ways of living in the urban arena. The quality of urban life is one of the big goals that the field tries to reach. Urban open spaces are known to enhance the quality of urban life. So, every city needs these spaces. The planning and design of urban open spaces have been practiced in different parts of the world in different ways. The practice and use of these spaces differed from place to place as well as from time to time. A good approach in the planning and designing of these spaces is to first study the past and current trends of urban open space usage in a place. The paper covers a general history and development of urban Square from Ancient to Modern Age and tries to demonstrate transition occurred in design. The development and current use of this space will indicate the direction of urban open space trends in the city. This will in turn help the future approaches in planning and design of such spaces. So, the paper includes the sustainable approaches for design of urban squares for better community interaction in urban life.
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The Role of collective memory in shaping public squares; the case of republic square, male’ city
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Shaheen, F; Wijesundara, J; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
It is a seeming paradox that the balance between society and built environment has a constant change as we evolve repeatedly, and our collective identity mean to facilitate new public spaces to boost our public life, as well re-shaping existing spaces. The public spaces we design directly or indirectly influence to our behavior, experiences and social interactions which in turn reflect how we respond to our built environment. Even though urban designing and planning paly wider role of this evolving procedure, sometimes some proposed design does not respond to the vital role of public spaces and unknowingly break the relationship between man and his environment by incorporating some ambiguous attributes. This research aims to study the relationship between collective memory and public squares and the influence of public collective memory to shape and re-shape, to revitalize and utilize today’s public squares. The qualitative and quantitative data to answer the research questions were gathered by conducting user survey, visual documentation and interviewing with community focus group. The study is conducted through a close examination of the Republic Square of Male’ city, which was once prevailed with a strong sense of community, though today it is seen as an isolated piece of public realm. By combining the theoretical background with qualitative research and quantitative methods, the paper aims to provide a better understanding on the underlying issues and possible solutions. Findings indicate that the success of the public squares is based on the experiences and rationalities of the urban past as evidenced by the historical continuity which characterizes the relationship between collective memory of its people and the public spaces.
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Enhancing private open spaces in indonesian cities: preparing children as future change agents
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Mediastika, CE.; Nurdiah, A.; Julistiono, EK.; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
House expansion in many Indonesian housing has triggered lack of private open space and thus lack of rainwater absorption space. This causes inundation and flood during rainy season. Earlier research showed that housing expansion was driven by increasing of family member which supported by increasing of family income. House owners’ awareness of private OS was sufficient, but their knowledge was limited. Awareness alone is not enough to fix the problem. In addition, directly repair OS deficiency that has happened today is not practical. Thus, assigning the younger generation to become an agent in fixing this problem is an ideal concept. A program using fun-learning methods, such as creating mockups is planned. Approximately 770 students participated in this program and this study concluded that children absorb the knowledge well and expected to be excellent future change agents in improving the quality of their places and cities. This is demonstrated by the very alive discussion and the mockups that fulfilled what has been taught. Seventy percent was designed in well condition (ie. OS availability, vegetation, and windows for air circulation and natural lighting) and 20% was designed in excellence with creative and unique OS and building's facade.
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Digital archiving of architectural heritage
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Esmaeili, H; Woods, PC; Thwaites, H; Hashim, K HB; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Malaysia is experiencing disappearance of some of its post-independence architecture due to redevelopment. Historical buildings that could have been archived as national heritage have been demolished, tagged for demolition or currently are being demolished. Suleiman Courts, the first high-rise residential buildings in Kuala Lumpur were demolished in 1986. Pekeliling Flats, the first prefabricated low-cost housing in Malaysia and second high-rise residential buildings in Kuala Lumpur are now being demolished. Even the first drive-in restaurant in Malaysia is tagged for demolition regardless of the historical memories for its loyal fans. Other historical buildings are deteriorating in use without considering the importance of preservation. One example is the oldest geology department in Malaysia located in University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, which had a unique method of construction at the time it was built. The building is still in use but has been insensitively modified from its original state. In this situation digital archiving seems to be an alternative that at least keeps the records of a historical building before it is too late. It is important to clarify that digital archiving of architectural heritage is not solely because buildings are being demolished A project ‘Malaysia Post-Independence Architecture Atlas’ is being carried out by University of Malaya, in collaboration with Multimedia University. This project aims for available data to be digitally captured and archived for future purposes. In the first stage 30 target buildings (selected based on their cultural importance) were successfully archived. The main priority after digital capture was to categorize the collected data in a way that can be used by different audiences. The following is a summary of steps taken in this project by reviewing different aspects of digital archiving of architectural heritage.
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Re-thinking a city born housing : for the RMG workers
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Khan, N.M.E.; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Most garment workers in Dhaka city live in inhuman conditions in the informal settlements under poverty and in a very unhealthy and miserable condition; and within this filthy situation they are paying almost half of their earnings as rent. These are the people who contribute to the success of garment economy in Bangladesh. Yet their role in the economy and their rights are overlooked by the government and the garment owners. Among these, habitation and lack of domestic spaces is one of the major concern. A widespread negligence towards the RMG worker’s housing need inhibit the prospect of finding a viable solution to this problem. Public housing schemes hardly cater for the RMG workers, and its limited provisions are grossly inadequate. Given this background, this paper has conducted a research work on the existing habitation need of the RMG workers and at the end of the study, some initial recommendations have been placed to improve the present conditions of the garment worker’s housing and their situation related with habitation, domestic spaces and spaces surrounding their living areas.
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People places: attributes that enable a convivial walk trail in Diyatha uyana, Kotte, Sri Lanka
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Jagodaarachchi, A; Rajapakse, A; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Introducing ‘green walk-trails’ to urban environments in Sri Lanka has become a popular intervention in the recent practice of urban development. People have embraced these trails as they fulfil the need for breathing-places/lungs associated with open green areas. In addition to beautification of the urban fabric, walk-trails serve a larger purpose of offering urban residents the opportunity to relax, rejuvenate and achieve mental and physical wellbeing. In order to fulfil such objectives walk-trails need to be ‘convivial’ places. Conviviality is an all-encompassing concept that emphasises the importance of fine grain, local nuances and adaptability that is the root of a more humane approach to urban development that encourages positive social interaction. Conviviality is ‘place-specific’ and based on an amalgamation of Geographical, Physical and Sensorial attributes. The objective of the study was to explore key attributes that contribute towards enabling a convivial walk-trail in the specific context of “Diyatha Uyana”, Sri Lanka. Based on the theoretical framework established to analyse conviviality, the analysis was ‘User-centred’ and ‘Place-centred’ to explore the qualitative aspects in depth. The main data gathering technique of the study was through narrative-mapping which incorporated cognitive maps supported by a narration. Data gathered were analysed via content-analysis in order to come-up with necessary interpretations. It was found that the sensorial experiences were generated by the specific geographical and physical attributes, the vitality and dynamism in the way they combined and enabled unique micro contexts within the overall place. This enables strong visual and non-visual perceptions of the place. Such perceptions are key motivating entities that attract people to a public place, which is a decisive factor in the successful usage of public places.
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Role of geometry and physical elements on a footpath in defining spaces, influencing events and engendering movement patterns
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Lahoti, R; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Physical environment is one of the factors that influences the activities and spaces formed to a varying degree and in many different ways. Footpaths form a significant micro-place of the physical urban environment. Primarily, a path for pedestrian accessibility and acts as an important public place for the city. In the scenario of socio-economic conditions in developing countries, owing to high poverty rate, unemployment and rural-urban migration, it is beneficial for people to adopt the informal way of using this entity of footpath. Moreover, due to the lack of efficient monitoring, footpaths, in this part of the world, have multiple utility factors, mainly social, economic and cultural. The paper explores the role of the physicality of the footpath in the manifestation of spaces – tangible/intangible and the diverse activities. The quest is into identifying the meaningful relationship of geometry and multiple physical elements on a footpath with the quality of the public realm generated. The physical elements are analysed with reference to the context of certain Indian cities. These physical elements have been qualitatively documented by means of surveys and a subjective understanding through observations of the sites taken for study. A comprehensive understanding of these elements in the public realm revealed their influence in regulating certain movement patterns. The justifications for a particular path being more frequented are a matter of function and aesthetics rather than just intuition. This micro-understanding of various physical elements and the behaviour patterns observed on footpath can help in long-term street planning measures, at various scales. The paper highlights vital approaches in providing certain design opportunities with respect to the physical elements and the geometry of the footpath, thus improving the public realm of the street and of the place.
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Sit alshai - tea lady; events taking place in el meshtal street
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) BabikirHasan, S; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Sit Alshai is a Sudanese local term that means the lady who sells tea, coffee and other drinks to passersby. There are many issues related to the Tea Lady, as she represents the socio-economic changes in the Sudanese community. These ladies get an income by appropriating parts of the streets of the city and transforming them to temporary cafes where people drink tea and socialize for a while. The authorities however do not approve their business and many times both the government and opposition parties use them as political leverage. The paper will investigate this phenomenon and the effects of it on the urban society. The Tea Ladies can be found in many places in Khartoum where this happens, mostly concentrated in the centre. However this paper will focus on documenting Tea Ladies located on one street in Khartoum, El Meshtal Street. The road has been chosen specifically because of it’s rising importance in the past years and because it is located in an upper-class neighbourhood. The existence of the Tea Ladies on that street symbolizes juxtaposition on that street that is worth being studied and documented.
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City as a performative place: asala perahara and the spatial dynamics of Kandy
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) De Silva, W; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Traditional cities are dynamically re-enacted through regular performances and rituals. Kandy city is described within this per formative phenomenon in order to understand the dynamics of the place. Phenomenology is the research methodology . A theoretical framework, synthesizing key concepts of place, sense of place, dwelling, Chora, becoming, non-representational landscape theory and performance theory is developed and used to examine performance of the Asala perahara ritual process in Kandy city. Case study findings illustrate that, Asala perahara marks geometrical patterns, in the landscape connecting different locations, rituals, people and the invisible dimensions of the place. Unfolded place within this cultural drama, experiencing natural –cultural setting and body performances is a dynamic process. Spiritual experience is significant in these ritual performances and built forms , inseparable from people and the place. Analysing of Asala perahara explains that city is understood as an inside enclosed by three mountains, reflected in the city form and architecture of Kandy. This reveals important guide lines for city conservation and developments.
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Invisible architecture; integrating subterranean Brussels in active neighborhood revitalization
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Dissanayake, A; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Brussels is a city with immense potentials and opportunities. Being at the heart of Europe, it is coherently connected with rest of the world both physically and figuratively. However, these opportunities and connections constantly attract people from around the world; giving way to a heterogenic society of diverse ethnicities and cultures. This heterogenic society creates a strong tension in some quarters of Brussels – especially when there is a prominent arrival magnet as with the case of neighbourhood Fountains with Brussels south railway station in close proximity. As with any infrastructure project, the proposed metro and tram station of Lemonier, is a potential for not only the neighbourhood of Fountains but also for entire metropolis of Brussels. The proposed MetCom program incorporating the Brussels underground gives these commonly mono-functional mobility infrastructure projects a new meaning; transforming them into effective urban public spaces. Introduction of this proposed novel logistic system for urban freight transportation allows new possibilities for the use of existing unused space within the metro stations as well as in the adjoining gray buildings. The project not only helps revitalize the neighbourhood by introducing a new economy but also encourages better interaction of the heterogenic society by providing a place for activity. The project however does not create an architectural object; on the contrary, it creates an invisible architecture.
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Art, cities and social enterprise
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) McQuilten, G; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
This paper explores the potential role of art-based social enterprises in contributing to sustainable urban development. It considers the examples of two social enterprises on opposite sides of the globe, and with contrasting relations to the “urban”; the Pacific Women’s Weaving Circle in the heart of inner-city Melbourne, Australia and Dzidefo Women’s Cooperative which traverses the rural context of Kpando, Ghana, with urban markets in Africa and the USA. Both enterprises use the vehicle of art to create opportunities for communities facing economic and social hardship. This paper approaches the field of social enterprise with a cross-disciplinary perspective that combines empirical, art historical and cultural studies methodologies to provide a deeper and more nuanced understanding of how communities manage the complexities of simultaneously pursuing economic, artistic and social development goals. At the point of rapid growth in this field, it considers the conditions for success, and potential risks, of art-based social enterprises in different geographic and urban contexts internationally.
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Sustaining sense of place of Kandy, Sri Lanka: the role of commercial spaces
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Nushra, M.N.F.,; Weerasinghe, U.G.D; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Developing a historically important city while retaining the essence of that place is a crucial issue confronted by architects, urban designers and planners worldwide. It should neither be a repetition of elements nor total disregard of conservational norms: if that city is an urbanized living city, many facets such as public services, commercial activities and conservation issues require consideration. Understanding the sense of place is considered as the means of ensuring healthy and sustainable development in a historical city. Sense of place is always related to human interaction with places and is reflected in commercial spaces, which have the potential of creating an identity to a city. Therefore the objective of this research is to explore the sense of place in commercial spaces of a living historical city
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Reduction of traffic noise due to improved road conditions: evidence from Matara & Hambantota, Sri Lanka
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Sethunga, S.M.N.; Bodhika, J.A.P.; Dharmaratna, W.G.D.; Dayaratne, R
“Road traffic noise” is becoming a serious problem for civilians living close to roads with heavy traffic in Sri Lanka. According to the statistics of Department of Motor Traffic, Sri Lanka, the total number of registered vehicles has been increased up to 5.07 million by the end of July-2013. The increase of motor vehicles with inadequate road conditions would contribute to enhance the noise pollution. Previous studies had found that some citizens living in urban areas exposing to heavy noise have developed hearing disorders. This matter has been often overlooked in developing countries, in contrary, some developed countries which have better road conditions, have started to use materials that produce low tire noise and good sound absorption surface layers for roads. In this study, a comparison of noise level is performed before and after the improvement of road conditions in selected urban areas in southern region of Sri Lanka. All measurements were carried out before and after rehabilitation and widening of respective roads. B&K Type-2250 hand held analyser was used to measure noise level and experiments were carried out in 2013, before the rehabilitation, and 2014, after the rehabilitation, respectively. Traffic volume of the roads studied was counted manually. Noise data were recorded at distances of 200 m for Class A and 400 m for Class B roads along the sides of selected roads. A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level at each location, LAeq, for 15 minutes time period was measured. An internationally recommended IMMI noise mapping software was used to map the noise distribution. Noise maps constructed before and after the rehabilitation of roads were compared. The average noise levels in the vicinity of Class A and Class B roads studied have decreased the noise level by 0.35 - 12.03 % after widening/improving the roads. The maximum drop of noise contour for Class A highway was found to be 3.5 dB or 6.2 % even with the increase of traffic volume by 61.5% during the period studied. For Class B roads a maximum of 5.8 dB or 12.0 % drop of traffic noise level was recorded. The width of the highest noise contour (having LAeq = 75-80 dB) was decreased by 74.3 % and 30.3 % for Class A and Class B roads respectively. It can be concluded that widening and improving the conditions of the roads have effectively reduced the traffic noise pollution, even though the volume of traffic has been increased. It also proves the importance of using noise maps for the development and redesign of cities as the removal of noisepollution could contribute so much to better quality of life in Sri Lankan urban cities.
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‘Architecture of fear’: an analytical investigation on ‘negative impression’ in architectural design articulated by ‘integrated spatial and space-related aspects
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Dayasagara, N; Botejue, P; Dharmatilleke, S; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Architecture of fortification; iron bars and iron spikes, cinder blocks and barking dogs, razor ribbon wires, glass spines and security alarms- The city has been armed with apparent evidences all over the city. The built fabric has been transformed into an ideal representation of ‘contemporary fears’ of citizens. Often people scare to use lifts, narrow walkways, rear staircases, darken basements, high roof tops or largely open public places. In such places they fear being murdered, abused, abducted, or stabbed. The investigation primarily measures the ‘required sense of safety’ in an urban public realm with respect to the architectural design principals, spatial and space related aspects. The four case studies of the research will be focused on ‘public buildings’ filling the ‘research gap’ within the field of study existed between two main levels of ‘city fabric’ and ‘individual dwelling’. The research outcome reveals the ‘controlling power’ of ‘fear in space’ that has influenced user psychology and behavior accordingly, including 21 integrated architectural aspects behind the cause. Concurrently, the investigation emphasizes possible design interventions to diminish such negative impressions composing ‘positive motives’ which supports public cohesiveness, interaction and free movements in built-sphere in which architectural design becomes a ‘tool’ in order to manipulate ‘sense of safety’.
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Urban green space in a high-density city: user expectations, accessibility and experience in context of Dhaka
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Fatemi, N; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
This paper starts from the debate with 'the problem of the simplistic notion that more green spaces are required when density is increased is that it does not consider the characteristics of people living in higher density environments'. In Dhaka, a critical imbalance has been observed between users' need and aspiration of the urban green space use and the available quantity they benefit from. The City possesses only 0.12 acres greeneries and open areas per thousand population, while it needs to devote a range between 6.25 and 10.5 acres of total open space per thousand population, according to NRPA (National Recreation and Park Association recommendation). With the phenomenal rise in the level of urbanization and urban growth, the City suffers the loss of its precious open space for urban infill. And the gap between the amount of open space required for a healthy living and the amount of open space available continues to widen. As the City is densely developed, it leaves little scope to have more open spaces inside. Consequently, concentration should be paid in retaining, up keeping and exploiting the potentials of existing urban open spaces, greeneries, and lakesides and improve their quality for urban life. This paper analyzes the urban green space use and their potentials by a correlational study between DHANMONDI Lake & Lakeside Green Spaces and HATIRJHEEL & Lakeside Green Spaces. And a number of observations, interviews and informal questionnaire survey on the users has been conducted to study the user accessibility, their expectations and the manifestations of these user-perceptions in the day-to-day use.

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