ICCPP - 2014

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://192.248.9.226/handle/123/22077

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‘Architecture of fear’: an analytical investigation on ‘negative impression’ in architectural design articulated by ‘integrated spatial and space-related aspects
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Dayasagara, N; Botejue, P; Dharmatilleke, S; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Architecture of fortification; iron bars and iron spikes, cinder blocks and barking dogs, razor ribbon wires, glass spines and security alarms- The city has been armed with apparent evidences all over the city. The built fabric has been transformed into an ideal representation of ‘contemporary fears’ of citizens. Often people scare to use lifts, narrow walkways, rear staircases, darken basements, high roof tops or largely open public places. In such places they fear being murdered, abused, abducted, or stabbed. The investigation primarily measures the ‘required sense of safety’ in an urban public realm with respect to the architectural design principals, spatial and space related aspects. The four case studies of the research will be focused on ‘public buildings’ filling the ‘research gap’ within the field of study existed between two main levels of ‘city fabric’ and ‘individual dwelling’. The research outcome reveals the ‘controlling power’ of ‘fear in space’ that has influenced user psychology and behavior accordingly, including 21 integrated architectural aspects behind the cause. Concurrently, the investigation emphasizes possible design interventions to diminish such negative impressions composing ‘positive motives’ which supports public cohesiveness, interaction and free movements in built-sphere in which architectural design becomes a ‘tool’ in order to manipulate ‘sense of safety’.
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Art, cities and social enterprise
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) McQuilten, G; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
This paper explores the potential role of art-based social enterprises in contributing to sustainable urban development. It considers the examples of two social enterprises on opposite sides of the globe, and with contrasting relations to the “urban”; the Pacific Women’s Weaving Circle in the heart of inner-city Melbourne, Australia and Dzidefo Women’s Cooperative which traverses the rural context of Kpando, Ghana, with urban markets in Africa and the USA. Both enterprises use the vehicle of art to create opportunities for communities facing economic and social hardship. This paper approaches the field of social enterprise with a cross-disciplinary perspective that combines empirical, art historical and cultural studies methodologies to provide a deeper and more nuanced understanding of how communities manage the complexities of simultaneously pursuing economic, artistic and social development goals. At the point of rapid growth in this field, it considers the conditions for success, and potential risks, of art-based social enterprises in different geographic and urban contexts internationally.
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City as a performative place: asala perahara and the spatial dynamics of Kandy
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) De Silva, W; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Traditional cities are dynamically re-enacted through regular performances and rituals. Kandy city is described within this per formative phenomenon in order to understand the dynamics of the place. Phenomenology is the research methodology . A theoretical framework, synthesizing key concepts of place, sense of place, dwelling, Chora, becoming, non-representational landscape theory and performance theory is developed and used to examine performance of the Asala perahara ritual process in Kandy city. Case study findings illustrate that, Asala perahara marks geometrical patterns, in the landscape connecting different locations, rituals, people and the invisible dimensions of the place. Unfolded place within this cultural drama, experiencing natural –cultural setting and body performances is a dynamic process. Spiritual experience is significant in these ritual performances and built forms , inseparable from people and the place. Analysing of Asala perahara explains that city is understood as an inside enclosed by three mountains, reflected in the city form and architecture of Kandy. This reveals important guide lines for city conservation and developments.
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Collaborative facilities management in urban regeneration projects: problems and potentials
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Weerasinghe, N; Sandanayake, Y; Bandusena, P; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Urban areas are now being regenerated in great extremes to match with the local and global demand in Sri Lanka. Upgrading infrastructures, land and buildings are highly pressurized in urban regeneration projects given that it is critical to the economic, social, environmental, and cultural well-being of a country. However, there is a question of the sustenance of urban regeneration projects due to limited public funds and other resources. Collaborations between authorities responsible for urban development & maintenance and the private/public sector organisations in facilities management could be a solution for the above issues in Sri Lankan context, which has not been articulated yet. This study therefore aims to investigate the applicability of collaborative approach as a solution to stimulate the participation of private and public sector organisations in terms of facilities management in the regeneration project. The aforementioned aim was achieved through the literature review and case study methodology. Beira Lake Urban Regeneration Project (Phase I & II) was selected as the case study to determine the applicability of collaborative Facilities Management concept to Sri Lankan context. Observation and semi-structured interviews were carried out with the executives who are in responsible for urban development & maintenance and public/private sector organisations in the regenerating area. Case study revealed that the collaboration between Public Authorities (Urban Development Authority & Municipal Council) and private organisations in urban regenerations would uplift the value of physical environment and infrastructures of inner city. Further, Public Authorities can allow private organisations to use car park, recreation facilities, open spaces, and other developments with the agreement of maintaining and developing above facilities. On the other hand, private organisations would fulfill organisational requirements while contributing to corporate social responsibilities. It can be concluded that both Public authorities and private organisations can mutually benefit from the collaborative FM in urban regeneration projects.
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Creating public spaces for all: learning from public spaces in Colombo
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Anam, AA; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
In the wake of heavy investment on public space in and around Colombo it is the responsibility of designers to ensure that public funds are utilized for the creation of context-appropriate public spaces which satisfy the expectations of all its users. A study was carried out to understand the difference in use and enjoyment of public space by the different socio- economic groups that constitute society today to help decipher the values they associate with it. The cases chosen for the study were Galle Face, Independence Square (IPS) and Diyatha Uyana. The analysis of qualities provided at each place in conjunction with the composition of its users and their opinions, helped identify the attributes of public space that appealed to different socio-economic groups. The study proceeded to identify commonalities and differences in preference amongst these urban social groups, to understand if public space may be neutral; so it suits all, irrespective of our differences.
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Creation of appealing roadside landscapes using elements of prospect and refuge value
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Samarasekara, G.N.; Imali, N.B.G.; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Aesthetic improvements to roadside landscapes presents many challenges to the road professionals. Lack of documented knowledge of local landscape preferences force them to import design treatments that may not evoke any preference feeling within the locals. Landscapes with high prospect/ refuge values show high preference levels. Prospect can be defined as being able to see/understand more information while Refuge is defined being able to have a refuge. This study is aimed to identify preferable roadside design elements due to the high prospect/ refuge value associated. In an experiment participants viewed a set of 15 streetscape videos and identified prospect and refuge landscapes giving reasons for selection. Using, a standard qualitative content analysis two, three-step hierarchical conceptual models were developed to describe prospect and refuge landscapes. The prospect symbols were evoked from natural and artificial landscape elements At a more detailed level many Sri Lankan specific symbols were identified for the designers to work on. These included presence of coconut/ mango trees or painted structures, bus stand, fruit stalls, fish stalls. The refuge symbols resulted from natural &artificial landscape elements, space demarcation, road safety items, well designed & constructed roads, well maintained roads, place to stay, activities, road boundary demarcation, road structures, separated walking spaces. The outcomes of this work can be extended to design preferable roadside landscapes that are meaningful to road users.
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Digital archiving of architectural heritage
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Esmaeili, H; Woods, PC; Thwaites, H; Hashim, K HB; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Malaysia is experiencing disappearance of some of its post-independence architecture due to redevelopment. Historical buildings that could have been archived as national heritage have been demolished, tagged for demolition or currently are being demolished. Suleiman Courts, the first high-rise residential buildings in Kuala Lumpur were demolished in 1986. Pekeliling Flats, the first prefabricated low-cost housing in Malaysia and second high-rise residential buildings in Kuala Lumpur are now being demolished. Even the first drive-in restaurant in Malaysia is tagged for demolition regardless of the historical memories for its loyal fans. Other historical buildings are deteriorating in use without considering the importance of preservation. One example is the oldest geology department in Malaysia located in University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, which had a unique method of construction at the time it was built. The building is still in use but has been insensitively modified from its original state. In this situation digital archiving seems to be an alternative that at least keeps the records of a historical building before it is too late. It is important to clarify that digital archiving of architectural heritage is not solely because buildings are being demolished A project ‘Malaysia Post-Independence Architecture Atlas’ is being carried out by University of Malaya, in collaboration with Multimedia University. This project aims for available data to be digitally captured and archived for future purposes. In the first stage 30 target buildings (selected based on their cultural importance) were successfully archived. The main priority after digital capture was to categorize the collected data in a way that can be used by different audiences. The following is a summary of steps taken in this project by reviewing different aspects of digital archiving of architectural heritage.
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The effect of street canyon geometry on outdoor thermal comfort in Colombo
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Perera, N G R; Weerasekara, W M S B; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Although life in the equatorial tropics is largely an outdoor phenomenon, modern urban development has by and large failed to facilitate such living in a climatically pleasant manner. The approach then, should be an attempt to make the equatorial urban outdoors thermally comfortable. (Emmanuel, 1993) The primary approach to the research is to quantify and compare the thermal comfort implications of critical canyon geometry in warm humid Colombo. It explores street canyons that are currently existing as well as projected under the Sri Lanka, Urban Development Authority Development (UDA) Plan for 2020. Thus, the task is twofold; to report on the thermal comfort effects of the most widespread urban canyons in the city, and secondly to project the change that will occur with the growth of Colombo's built fabric, therefore canyon geometry. The urban fabric simplified using the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) system and surveyed shows the most predominant street canyons essentially encompass the compact low-rise and mid-rise areas of the city. The research reveals that thermal comfort cannot be achieved within the existing and projected urban canyons, for the peak time of the day.
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Effect of street canyon materials on the urban heat island phenomenon in colombo
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Perera, N G R; Samanthilaka, K P P R; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
An Urban heat island (UHI) is best visualized as a dome of stagnant warm air, over the heavily built-up areas of the city. These have been observed practically all over the world and Colombo, Sri Lanka is no exception. It is known that the replacement of natural surfaces and radiation trapped in ‘street form’ urban canyons is one of the primary drivers of this phenomenon. This study quantifies and compares the local warming effects caused by materials used in street canyons in the warm, humid climate of Colombo. A process of ascertaining street canyon materials by survey and simulation using a simple force restore model, the Surface Heat Island Model (SHIM) generate data for specific urban canyons and the respective local warming effects they cause. Aluminium cladding in buildings, showed the highest and the lowest intensity. The highest UHI intensity of 2.87oC was recorded In LCZ2-commercial. While, the lowest UHI intensity of 1.78 oC can be seen at LCZ3-sea front zone. Analyses highlight the predominant material occurrence and discuss implications for nocturnal UHI amelioration, in warm, humid, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Keywords: Urban Heat Island, Warm Humid Tropics, Street Canyon Materials, Local Climate Zone, Surface Heat Island Model, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Enhancing private open spaces in indonesian cities: preparing children as future change agents
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Mediastika, CE.; Nurdiah, A.; Julistiono, EK.; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
House expansion in many Indonesian housing has triggered lack of private open space and thus lack of rainwater absorption space. This causes inundation and flood during rainy season. Earlier research showed that housing expansion was driven by increasing of family member which supported by increasing of family income. House owners’ awareness of private OS was sufficient, but their knowledge was limited. Awareness alone is not enough to fix the problem. In addition, directly repair OS deficiency that has happened today is not practical. Thus, assigning the younger generation to become an agent in fixing this problem is an ideal concept. A program using fun-learning methods, such as creating mockups is planned. Approximately 770 students participated in this program and this study concluded that children absorb the knowledge well and expected to be excellent future change agents in improving the quality of their places and cities. This is demonstrated by the very alive discussion and the mockups that fulfilled what has been taught. Seventy percent was designed in well condition (ie. OS availability, vegetation, and windows for air circulation and natural lighting) and 20% was designed in excellence with creative and unique OS and building's facade.
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Impacts of the crown property developments in the city of bangkok: two case studies
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Maglumtong, M; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
This paper is a report on part of a research project commissioned by the Crown Property Bureau, Thailand (CPB). CPB is a quasi-government agency responsible for managing the real property of the Crown of the Kingdom of Thailand. Its main duty is to manage this estate in an efficient, yet equitable way. In Bangkok, CPB lands amounts to nearly 20 per cent of the total municipal area. Therefore, the agency’s land management policy not only affects socio-economic situation and living environments of CPB lands alone, but also broader planning and urban development of the city. Land development options can follow three options: 1) by the Crown Property Bureau itself, 2) in collaboration with private developers, and 3) in partnership with government projects. “The paper will illustrate and compare each of these land development options through case-studies that clarify the CPB strategic goals, achievements in socio-economic terms and impact on the wider neighborhood and urban development.”
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The institutional fix of historic revitalization behind property-led urban regeneration: the comparison between taipei and hong kong
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Cassidy I-Chih, L; Shi, X; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Since the 1990s, the content of urban redevelopment has been sharply transformed and including vibrant elements from economic to cultural, historic, social, and environmental considerations, which is termed as the transformation from bulldozed reconstruction to sustainable regeneration. In addition, the agencies involving in the process of redevelopment have been broadened and blurred the boundary between public and private sectors. With the rise of intercity competition, the public-private-partnership (PPP) has taken as the modus operandi to implement the governing capacity of entrepreneurial city and the foundation to achieve successful redevelopment appealing to private actors – not only businessmen, developers and, financiers but also NGOs, tourists, and talents. The paper argues that the logic of urban regeneration is often propertyled and requires non-economic elements (e.g. culture, creativity, history, green, and water) enlarging the niche of property market in that they can help upgrade the added values of property-led regeneration. Meanwhile, non-economic elements are functioned as a new institutional fix to alleviate the internal contradictions of entrepreneurial governance in general and property-led regeneration in particular to legitimize the pro-business agenda behind the mechanism. We take Taipei and Hong Kong as the cases to illuminate the argument. Both cities have undergone the heavy burden of living due to the fancy property speculation since 1990s and face the contestations from grassroots level for community livability. We particularly focus on two policies – the Urban Regeneration Station (URS) in West Taipei and Revitalization of Industrial Buildings (RIB) in East Hong Kong to explore how the property-led ideology has embedded in the experiments of historical revitalization and what are the problems these policies have encountered.
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Invisible architecture; integrating subterranean Brussels in active neighborhood revitalization
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Dissanayake, A; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Brussels is a city with immense potentials and opportunities. Being at the heart of Europe, it is coherently connected with rest of the world both physically and figuratively. However, these opportunities and connections constantly attract people from around the world; giving way to a heterogenic society of diverse ethnicities and cultures. This heterogenic society creates a strong tension in some quarters of Brussels – especially when there is a prominent arrival magnet as with the case of neighbourhood Fountains with Brussels south railway station in close proximity. As with any infrastructure project, the proposed metro and tram station of Lemonier, is a potential for not only the neighbourhood of Fountains but also for entire metropolis of Brussels. The proposed MetCom program incorporating the Brussels underground gives these commonly mono-functional mobility infrastructure projects a new meaning; transforming them into effective urban public spaces. Introduction of this proposed novel logistic system for urban freight transportation allows new possibilities for the use of existing unused space within the metro stations as well as in the adjoining gray buildings. The project not only helps revitalize the neighbourhood by introducing a new economy but also encourages better interaction of the heterogenic society by providing a place for activity. The project however does not create an architectural object; on the contrary, it creates an invisible architecture.
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Learning from precedents: emerging urban planning practices towards livable communities in Dhaka
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Fatemi, N; Islam, N; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
The objective of this paper is to reveal the shift of thoughts in city planning in terms of livability demonstrated in one of the newly planned satellite towns of Dhaka city. Ever since the emergence of the term 'livable cities' back in 1980’s by IMCL (International Making Cities Livable LLC), considerable amount of research and practice have been oriented towards understanding how the contemporary cities should grow or be planned for livability, in terms of physical, socio-economic and cultural aspects. Cities around the globe demonstrate diversified vision, policies and strategies for achieving these desired goals. This paper takes Dhaka city as a case study to critically investigate the intentions and attempts of urban planning and design practice focused on the livability aspects of the city. The human settlement of Dhaka city can be traced back as early as the 12th century. Till then, the city received attention, negligence, natural calamity, political instability and went through a number of philosophical views as well as planning proposals for its development. In all its efforts, the intrinsic components of livability were much less emphasized due to the major thrust on city’s physical constraint, limited land resources along with negligence in detail area and neighborhood planning. But recent efforts in one of the newly planned satellite town Purbachal shows evidence of change in the traditional paradigm of planning practice. The ultimate objective of this paper is to reveal the points where the proposed master plan of Purbachal succeeded or failed to embrace the principals of livability learnt from earlier precedence of greater Dhaka city. The findings of this paper have been extracted from the studio exercise of Urban Design Studio of the Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific. The study was mainly based on case study, examining documented evidence and map & model study along with expert interview.
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People places: attributes that enable a convivial walk trail in Diyatha uyana, Kotte, Sri Lanka
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Jagodaarachchi, A; Rajapakse, A; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Introducing ‘green walk-trails’ to urban environments in Sri Lanka has become a popular intervention in the recent practice of urban development. People have embraced these trails as they fulfil the need for breathing-places/lungs associated with open green areas. In addition to beautification of the urban fabric, walk-trails serve a larger purpose of offering urban residents the opportunity to relax, rejuvenate and achieve mental and physical wellbeing. In order to fulfil such objectives walk-trails need to be ‘convivial’ places. Conviviality is an all-encompassing concept that emphasises the importance of fine grain, local nuances and adaptability that is the root of a more humane approach to urban development that encourages positive social interaction. Conviviality is ‘place-specific’ and based on an amalgamation of Geographical, Physical and Sensorial attributes. The objective of the study was to explore key attributes that contribute towards enabling a convivial walk-trail in the specific context of “Diyatha Uyana”, Sri Lanka. Based on the theoretical framework established to analyse conviviality, the analysis was ‘User-centred’ and ‘Place-centred’ to explore the qualitative aspects in depth. The main data gathering technique of the study was through narrative-mapping which incorporated cognitive maps supported by a narration. Data gathered were analysed via content-analysis in order to come-up with necessary interpretations. It was found that the sensorial experiences were generated by the specific geographical and physical attributes, the vitality and dynamism in the way they combined and enabled unique micro contexts within the overall place. This enables strong visual and non-visual perceptions of the place. Such perceptions are key motivating entities that attract people to a public place, which is a decisive factor in the successful usage of public places.
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Place making journey: transition in urban public open spaces from ancient to modern age
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Soraganvi, S; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Urban planning and design has proven to be an important element in shaping life styles, solving problems and giving new ways of living in the urban arena. The quality of urban life is one of the big goals that the field tries to reach. Urban open spaces are known to enhance the quality of urban life. So, every city needs these spaces. The planning and design of urban open spaces have been practiced in different parts of the world in different ways. The practice and use of these spaces differed from place to place as well as from time to time. A good approach in the planning and designing of these spaces is to first study the past and current trends of urban open space usage in a place. The paper covers a general history and development of urban Square from Ancient to Modern Age and tries to demonstrate transition occurred in design. The development and current use of this space will indicate the direction of urban open space trends in the city. This will in turn help the future approaches in planning and design of such spaces. So, the paper includes the sustainable approaches for design of urban squares for better community interaction in urban life.
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Re-inventing Cities and Places (Pre-Text)
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
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Re-thinking a city born housing : for the RMG workers
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Khan, N.M.E.; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Most garment workers in Dhaka city live in inhuman conditions in the informal settlements under poverty and in a very unhealthy and miserable condition; and within this filthy situation they are paying almost half of their earnings as rent. These are the people who contribute to the success of garment economy in Bangladesh. Yet their role in the economy and their rights are overlooked by the government and the garment owners. Among these, habitation and lack of domestic spaces is one of the major concern. A widespread negligence towards the RMG worker’s housing need inhibit the prospect of finding a viable solution to this problem. Public housing schemes hardly cater for the RMG workers, and its limited provisions are grossly inadequate. Given this background, this paper has conducted a research work on the existing habitation need of the RMG workers and at the end of the study, some initial recommendations have been placed to improve the present conditions of the garment worker’s housing and their situation related with habitation, domestic spaces and spaces surrounding their living areas.
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Reduction of traffic noise due to improved road conditions: evidence from Matara & Hambantota, Sri Lanka
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Sethunga, S.M.N.; Bodhika, J.A.P.; Dharmaratna, W.G.D.; Dayaratne, R
“Road traffic noise” is becoming a serious problem for civilians living close to roads with heavy traffic in Sri Lanka. According to the statistics of Department of Motor Traffic, Sri Lanka, the total number of registered vehicles has been increased up to 5.07 million by the end of July-2013. The increase of motor vehicles with inadequate road conditions would contribute to enhance the noise pollution. Previous studies had found that some citizens living in urban areas exposing to heavy noise have developed hearing disorders. This matter has been often overlooked in developing countries, in contrary, some developed countries which have better road conditions, have started to use materials that produce low tire noise and good sound absorption surface layers for roads. In this study, a comparison of noise level is performed before and after the improvement of road conditions in selected urban areas in southern region of Sri Lanka. All measurements were carried out before and after rehabilitation and widening of respective roads. B&K Type-2250 hand held analyser was used to measure noise level and experiments were carried out in 2013, before the rehabilitation, and 2014, after the rehabilitation, respectively. Traffic volume of the roads studied was counted manually. Noise data were recorded at distances of 200 m for Class A and 400 m for Class B roads along the sides of selected roads. A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level at each location, LAeq, for 15 minutes time period was measured. An internationally recommended IMMI noise mapping software was used to map the noise distribution. Noise maps constructed before and after the rehabilitation of roads were compared. The average noise levels in the vicinity of Class A and Class B roads studied have decreased the noise level by 0.35 - 12.03 % after widening/improving the roads. The maximum drop of noise contour for Class A highway was found to be 3.5 dB or 6.2 % even with the increase of traffic volume by 61.5% during the period studied. For Class B roads a maximum of 5.8 dB or 12.0 % drop of traffic noise level was recorded. The width of the highest noise contour (having LAeq = 75-80 dB) was decreased by 74.3 % and 30.3 % for Class A and Class B roads respectively. It can be concluded that widening and improving the conditions of the roads have effectively reduced the traffic noise pollution, even though the volume of traffic has been increased. It also proves the importance of using noise maps for the development and redesign of cities as the removal of noisepollution could contribute so much to better quality of life in Sri Lankan urban cities.
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Relationships between community as an ecomuseum and sustainable community development: lessons from Tainan, Taiwan
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2014) Zhang, H; Peng, ,C; Zhang, R; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
Increasingly serious environmental degradation has given new emphasis to the need for sustainable development. Such development take the community acts as the basic unit for holistic implementation. One emerging development approach is referred to as the “eco-museum” strategy which seeks to strengthen a community based on its unique resources, create economic benefits, and protect local heritage. This study describes the application of the eco-museum strategy to 36 communities in Tainan, Taiwan, in an attempt to identify elements of best practice and to develop a model for other the development of eco-museums in other communities. In a multidimensional scaling analysis, the study uses landscape, culture, lifestyle, and human resources as items to build the research framework. A questionnaire was applied to survey 36 communities in Tainan to identify community characteristics which lend themselves to the successful implementation of the eco-museum approach. The results suggested that the Chi-Chih community could serve as a model for ecomuseum development. Through cognitive map analysis, the distribution points of each community type are found to impact development feasibility and controls. It is expected that the eco-museum strategy will increase local residents’ interaction with their distinct cultural and environmental resources, and facilitate the development a “think globally, act locally” Mindset.

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