FARU - 2017 (Volume 01)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://192.248.9.226/handle/123/14715

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Impact of urban configurations on air temperature in Kuala Lumpur
(2017) Yola, L; Siong, HC
Rapid population growth causes the trend of high-rise buildings in the urban area. The modification of urban surface generates the poor scenario of microclimate, which mainly contributes to the increase of Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity. UHI mitigation strategy is urged among planners and designers to ensure urban development meets the climate change adaptation agenda. Urban climatology studies mostly focus on the urban canyon geometry of the Height to Width (H/W) aspect ratio and Sky View Factor (SVF). There is lacking justification on the relationship of urban configurations and microclimate in the hot and humid region, especially in Kuala Lumpur. This study aims to investigate the impact of urban configurations on the air temperature. Four urban configurations; Courtyard, U, Courtyard Canyon and Canyon were simulated by using ENVI-met 3.1. The urban configurations study was set in two sites located in Kuala Lumpur with the East – West and North – South canyon directions. The results showed that the urban configurations generate impact on the mean of air temperature. The drop of nocturnal air temperature indicated that the UHI was worse in Courtyard configuration in both East – West and North – South canyon directions. The results also confirm that the reduction of the Sky View Factor (SVF) in urban configurations encourage the increase of the UHI intensity. The finding of this study stresses that the solar radiation was majorly influenced by the urban configurations which was significantly correlated to the results of air temperature. The finding suggests planners and designers to strategise the urban configurations according to the setting of the canyon direction during the preliminary design and planning stage.
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Sustainable bim-based integrated project delivery system for construction industry: theoritical framework
(2017) Rosayuru, HDRR; Waidyasekara, KGAS; Wijewickrama, MKCS
The construction industry is an open and dynamic system, and the construction project procurement systems practised in the industry are subjected to changes resulting in many newly-innovated procurement systems, which is one of the best solutions for existing issues of conventional procurement. A new era of construction began with the technological improvements with Building Information Modelling (BIM), which is a novel advancement to establish a sustainable construction industry. Several countries have implemented BIM-based approaches to public procurement in recent years, among them, the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is an innovative procurement system that facilitates easy BIM adoption. It is evident that the establishment of an innovative procurement system such as BIM-based IPD is essential to adopt sustainable procurement successfully. Hence, this paper presents the drivers, benefits, challenges, and remedial measures, concerning the BIM-based IPD procurement when implementing the sustainable procurement concept to the Sri Lankan construction industry. Accordingly, comprehensive literature review was carried out to identify the above existing gaps in the literature and finally developed a theoretical framework to achieve sustainability targets via BIM-based IPD in construction projects, bridging the challenges of conventional procurement methods.
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Conceptual framework for designing and placement of open spaces in a residential neighborhood
(2017) Manjari, R
Open spaces are the breathing outlets in the anatomy of any residential neighborhood. The play generated in the plan through these voids ad mist the vast jungle of concrete is the ingredient of a well-planned layout. They connect the society through their varied social usage and act as a refresh command in the life of people from all age groups, finding ways to cure a large number of mental ailments and crimes majorly caused due to seclusion and odd family structures. In the changing times, however, the definition and need of the subject has taken a new shape. People prefer watching a cinema in a home theater than watching ramleela in open ground. With the change in the economic stature, many things in the society have changed generating new modes of comfort and relaxation. This eventually has given rise to a society which is highly gentrified. People prefer living in their own niche, which seems to be cozy but is actually a socially secluded environment. It is therefore important to understand the changing trends and reorient the spaces, to make it more acceptable for all. The concept of open spaces in a residential area needs therefore needs a makeover. This paper would thus aim at analyzing the open spaces and their hierarchy in some selected residential areas of Jaipur city (India). Major aspects of the study would be to understand the type of open spaces, their paucity, usage and location, study of changing trends and needs and arriving at certain planning proposals and design guidelines to improve the urban form and active living of the people.
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Research issues in analysing embodied carbon in buildings
(2017) Perera, S; Senaraytne, S; Brady, L
In recent years, there has been an increased focus on creating sustainable buildings that have a reduced carbon footprint. The primary method to achieve this has been through incorporating strategies to reduce the operational carbon of the buildings, which is found to be easier to analyse and address. However, as the industry aims to produce ‘carbon neutral’ buildings with extremely low operational carbon, the embodied carbon is typically not considered. As a consequence of this, there has been a net increase of embodied carbon within low energy buildings. Typically, embodied carbon accounts for 20% of the total life cycle carbon of a building. However, it is found that in low energy and sustainable buildings, embodied carbon accounts for a larger percentage thus increasing the importance of understanding and mitigating embodied carbon. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to synthesise relevant literature in order to discover research issues related to embodied carbon in buildings. Key literature findings revealed the importance of concurrently addressing embodied carbon with operational carbon, the complexities associated with analysing embodied carbon and ways to address reduction of embodied carbon in buildings. These findings will eventually help to shape future research that will focus on achieving zero carbon targets globally.
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Vernacuralization of architecture planning
(2017) Kyota, YA
Urban and human settlement development in developing countries was a frontier of the twentieth century architecture, from where new thinking and practices which exceed modern movement emerged. Dwelt environment, a new research subject, was proposed from this field. Dwelt environment is important as a basis for lives of people yet how this should be comprehended, created or conserved is not necessarily clarified. By pushing ahead the idea of dwelt environment, this study aims to find a possible image of emerging architecture of our times. This paper first defines dwelt environment based on human–environment relationships and shows way to apprehend dwelt environment through participant observations. Secondly, this paper derives a method for local dwelt environment design from reflections of the practices of a local tutoring school foundation project, in which the author joined with the dwellers in the historic area of Colombo. Dwelt environment of the area is apprehended as a system consisting of local places, network of local places and “Viśvāsaya විශ්වාසය/Nambikkai நம்பிக்கக/ relationships of trust”. The author presents a method of dwelt environment design, which controls the transition process of dwelt environment through the interaction between architecture planning activities on the site and the dwellers as “Field Design”.
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Schoolyards' design and gender issues in Palestine
(2017) Al-bishawi, M; Awad, S
This research is about relationship between gender, students’ needs and the physical form of schoolyards. It is aimed at investigating whether and how the needs of both male and female students influence the physical form of schoolyards in Palestine. The aim is to develop a better theoretical understanding of the relationship between students’ needs in relation to gender, and the physical form of schoolyards. This will enhance the knowledge about how to design schoolyards that support students' needs, so that both male and female students can use these yards comfortably and conduct different types of activities without any restrictions. To achieve the purpose of this study, different types of governmental schools from different cities in the north, middle and south of Palestine were chosen for investigations. Direct observations, questionnaire and interviews were used as main methods for data collection. The results showed that gender influenced different components of schoolyards’ physical form which are interrelated with components of both curricular and non-curricular needs.
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Good reading light: visual comfort perception and daylight integration in library spaces
(2017) Swaris, WDNP; Perera, NGR
Daylight creates an ambience of quiet tranquillity and visual comfort to link the modern library user, psychologically, with the space they occupy. In order to provide comfortable and glare-free light in reading spaces, volumes and surfaces illuminated with natural light have played a significant role. There should be optimum natural light which provides comfort for the user, albeit without the negative aspects of glare and heat. We Focus on ‘Good Reading Light’: Visual Comfort Perception and Daylight Integration in Library Spaces. Research problems evaluate the ‘Perceived Reading Light Level’, why and in what way daylight should be integrated into the indoor environment in a library space, to realize light-related goals of visual comfort. The research method consists of two parts; the Reading Light Test and the Perceptual Spatial Analysis (PERCIFAL). A group of twenty architecture students were surveyed for both components. The results show that Visual Comfort Perception depends on strategies adopted for daylight integration and that most reading spaces were perceived to be over lit. Conclusions drawn highlight that top lighting strategies and a combination of clerestory and side lighting are more effective than only side lighting via windows - as daylight control in public library spaces are difficult.
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Transformation of Sinhalese hat and headgear during medieval period
(2017) Bakmeewewa, MU; Manawadu, MS
From the ancient times, Sri Lankans had their unique way of dressing deeply influenced by their social system and culture. However, during the periods of South Indian occupation and colonial administration, there had been marked variations and witnessed a transformation in traditional costumes with the influence of alien cultures. Three colonial powers, namely Portuguese, Dutch and British, dominated the maritime provinces of the island well over four centuries, leaving behind remnants of their cultures for the Sri Lankan community. One of the most noticeable of them is the dress and more specifically, hats and headgears. In medieval times, hats and headgears had played a vital part in completion of the Sinhalese dress code and during this period, the hat or the headgear has been used to represent ones administrative rank, occupation, social states and caste. The kings had used a variety of crowns and headgears that signified their personal style and tradition, which have been influenced by both Buddhist and Hindu traditions. Colonial influences on hats and headgears have been first absorbed by the royalty and aristocrats, and then subsequently penetrated into commoners. However, one exception is that commoners had to strictly adhere to certain customary rules when wearing them. The purpose of this study is to identify transformation trends of hats and headgears, especially during the colonial period; and to access diverse foreign influences, which encouraged such changes. The allied information has been collected through examination of related artifacts, relevant historic records and visiting ancient temples, historical monument sites and museums.
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Communicating femininity
(2017) Liyanage, P; Hettiarachchi, LP
The research in discussion is a pragmatic exploration of a previous study which identified methods architecting the dress. The dress was considered as a body attachment and the methods of architecting was three-fold. Architecting the dress with the body as layers, as elements and as volume based additions. Two main themes are found within the research. The architected dress, which allows a dialogue by using the dress and the body in isolation and in symphony to communicate a particular message and the wearer experience which behaves as a catalyst to the dialogue by enhancing the body movements adding more clarity and versatility to the message that needs to be communicated by the wearer. The work of Senarathna (2016) which focused on communicating femininity is used to critically study the afore mentioned two main themes in discussion. The research problem was recognized as an ill-structured problem (ISP) and uses the methods of progressing in ISP. The research was funded by the Senate Research Committee of the University of Moratuwa under the grant number SRC/ST/2016/26.
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Mud house: the gradual shifting of traditional vernacular architectural practice in northern Bangladesh
(2017) Monzur, N
The diversified vernacular architecture in rural Bangladesh is the result of a constant and gradual attempt to maintain sustainability and cultural identity by using knowledge of the local environment. However, factors like natural resource scarcity and economic viability of modern construction techniques is evidently causing a rapid change in the rural landscape. A physical and questionnaire survey carried out in the area under study, namely the village Kaligram in Manda upazilla, Naogaon, revealed that, nearly sixty-percent of houses built within the last decade is concrete and brick made with little or no regards to any traditional vernacular features. Investigation of various parameters such as mud wall construction techniques, availability and preference of building materials, socio- economic changes through surveys, has revealed that the loss of precious fertile top soil, high maintenance of mud structures added with the availability and affordability of more durable materials, are some of the prime reasoning behind revising their options to brick construction. This research aims to assess the factors causing gradual shifting in the indigenous practices of mud houses in the study area. The study further extends onto a discussion of an alternate design approach that will exemplify a more durable, low maintenance, energy efficient yet economic building technology while acknowledging the strengths of the indigenous architectural practices.
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Democratizing the city through public space
(2017) Shammi, AKA; Nazia, ATB
A city may have billions of investments for its infrastructural developments but without a functional public space, the city can never be as enthusiastic as it can be. The history of mankind shows that all the great public buildings in antiquity had a vital and functional use of public spaces for community life which is missing now. In Bangladesh many groups-women, racial minorities, the homeless and street people have all suffered literal, physical marginalization. The people of Bangladesh are struggling to retain their rights against many odds, for example, the journey of 'Gonojagoron Moncho' (a platform made by mass people where they can raise their voice against injustice & for their rights) began at the busy Shahbag road intersection in Dhaka which eventually resulted in the serious traffic congestion. Despite the odds, this movement triggered the creation of more platforms in different districts of Bangladesh. This shows there is no settled position from which to make public awareness and protest, therefore the public spaces has to be invented again and again. There is no set formula but there are limitations. To increase overall individual well-being and freedom, it is necessary to assure free and unstigmatized access to the public spaces.
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Prototype of net zero residence for hot & dry climate in Indian context
(2017) Jain, A; Mundhe, P; Sunger, V; Bist, N; Dixit, M
India is the seventh largest country in the world in terms of area and home to over a billion people. It is estimated that the total constructed built-up area would increase about 5-fold from the year 2005 to 2030. According to the Central Electricity Authority (India), residential sector accounts for 21% of the total electricity consumption. Energy efficient buildings are the future imperative for the proposed building stock in India. This paper presents a design process for developing a Net Zero Energy home prototype that is affordable for the higher middle-class families. It is an urban single-family home in the hot and dry climate which also achieves zero water discharge to respond to water scarcity in Jaipur, Rajasthan in India. The building works in mixed-mode operation providing comfortable & World Health Organization (WHO) suggested air quality standard, despite degraded outdoor air quality in Jaipur. It was designed by performing parametric analysis and assessing comfort hours by simulating different options for building form, envelope, passive and active cooling approaches. An Energy Use Intensity (EUI) of 20 kWh/m2/year was achieved, that is balanced by an 8-kW rooftop photovoltaic system. The designed home will act as an affordable energy efficient prototype that can be used by developers in India.
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Architecture as a social entity
(2017) Tanushka, G; Garg, D
Everyone has right to an inviolable, decorous, and decent housing. And one of the most important aspects of that is affordable and social housing. But does affordable housing brings stability, economic diversity and improves the physical quality of neighbourhood?? The Indian government started a policy called “ Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna” or PMAY targeted at fulfilling the needs of low income groups and keeping the aspect of increasing population in mind. The main objective of this policy has been to provide a pakka house to all the houseless households living in kuccha and dilapidated house. For overpopulated countries like India it is necessary to change the concept of housing. It tends to originate wage employment and programs of national rural employment programs. Rural landless employment guarantee program has been one of them. But are the people able to adjust and accommodate to these changes and does these changes in quality of life of an individual necessarily mean improvement in that quality is a big question. The paper seeks to investigate and analyse and achieve a deeper and a better understanding of architecture as a social entity by citing the example of the rehabilitation of slum dwellers from Banganga slums in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India through post occupancy survey. The case studies, for this research will be intended towards addressing questions like, Is architecture merely a house to live in or a home which connects people to their identity, tradition and culture?? The paper highlights the above mentioned aspects and seeks to set a stage for an expanding creative dialogue, and not offer a utopian solution for the damage caused by the segregation of this society over the past years. So in context of recent development, the community asks, how can architecture be conceived as a socio cultural design for people??
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Heritage urbanism
(2017) Tasmia, F; Trina, NA; Rahman, MM
Heritage must not only be a historic monument but also an active factor in contemporary life. The use of cultural heritage as a tool to respond to the rapidly changing socio-economic conditions becomes one of major focus points of historically rich cities. It has been proved from the claims of planners, conservationists, architect, historians, artists that the encouragement of and modernization of cultural heritage has a significant role in sustainability strategies that focus on responding to social and cultural needs to sort out conflicts and to actualize economic objectives through long-term vision and goal. Piary Das road, a historically significant street of Old Dhaka Bangladesh containing a number of historic buildings of Mughal and British Period. Vibrant, vigorous and vivid image of the daily activities surrounding this road, eventually tells a story of the past to the present. This paper aims at the possibilities of modifications, modifications, and rejuvenation of Piary Das road to uphold the scope of creating an arena that bears the flavour of its context and identity. It focuses on the acknowledgment of the value and potential of urban heritage. Also, emphasizes how heritage can be used as a trigger in socio-economic development in the neoliberal age.
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An assessment of rooftop solar pv policies and domestic energy use: scenario of Sri Lankan residential sector
(2017) Pathirana, SM; Halwatura, RU
The net metering scheme in Sri Lanka has experienced a fast diffusion due to the economic, social and environmental benefits for the consumers and the country. This paper examines the changes in energy consumption behaviour of the solar PV consumers after the installation. Further, this analyses the reasons behind the consumption change and the issues associated with the change. According to the study results, 69% of the respondents have increased the consumption up to more than 400 kWh and the tendency of previously low consumed customers to have higher post consumption is significant. Although, the existing net metering scheme favours the social, environmental and economic conditions of the consumer, the increase in the night time peak is the main issue associated with it. The study proposed three policy options; time of use net metering, battery pack and net metering attached with payment scheme, which need to be integrated to achieve a sustainable net metering scheme
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A review of benefits and challenges of prefabricated housing supply chains: as a solution to housing affordability
(2017) Sooriyamudalige, N; Domingo, N; Childerhouse, P; Park, K
Over the last decade, housing affordability issue has gone through the roof creating a significant mismatch between supply and demand of the houses. Even though this national problem has been addressed by the government, an industry level approach is not sufficient. A collaborative effort of the construction industry is essential to encourage housing construction with cost reduction and quality enhancement. One innovative approach to significantly increase the supply of affordable houses is the adoption of prefabrication. Modern supply chain practices in the prefabrication housing construction would increase efficiency. Therefore, this paper aims to review the literature on the benefits and challenges of the prefabrication housing construction over the traditional counterpart. The study identifies the need to improve collaboration among the supply chain participants and process integration to achieve the benefits of using prefabrication. Even though prefabrication has the ability to substitute traditional housing construction, it has its own limitations, including transportation of large modules and set up costs. Similarly, the bespoke nature of housing construction and attitudes of the customers limit the potential level of standardization through prefabrication.
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A review on time estimation methods for post-earthquake damage repair of buildings
(2017) Kahandawa, KARVD; Domingo, ND; Chawynski, G; Park, RS; Uma, SR;
Time is one of the three defining factors of a construction project. Due to the uncertainty of earthquake damage repair projects, a more accurate time estimation method is required. This paper focuses on the adaptability of Bromilow’s time cost model (BTC model), critical path method, program evaluation and review technique (PERT) and Monte Carlo simulations to achieve this task. Monte Carlo method was identified as the best method out of methods above to estimate post-earthquake damages. Attributes such as accounting for uncertainty, use network diagrams, sequencing of work activities and current practical applications justify this suggestion. Further research is suggested to verify this theoretical suggestion.
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Identifying existing constraints in carbon footprint calculation tools and addressing the improvements to bim
(2017) Rathnayake, KKND; Jayasena, HS; Madusanka, HWN; Wijewickrama, MKCS
The world faces “an inconvenient trouble” of global warming which is immensely catalysed through the emission of different forms of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). Construction industry is a prominent sector which accounts for a higher percentage of GHGs emission to the globe. Buildings embody and consume a large fraction of energy and cause for more than 50% of the carbon emission of a building during the whole life span. Therefore, the need of curtailing embodied carbon emission from construction is essential. In order to address this issue, an emerging concept of “Carbon Footprint” has been introduced to the modern construction industry. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the method which holds number of tools to assess the carbon footprint of a product. However, these assessment tools enclose number of limitations which barricade the precise assessment of carbon footprint. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an emerging technology which has an ability to optimize the energy efficiency in the buildings. Thus, the research aims to address the potential of using BIM to quantify the carbon footprint in the construction industry over the existing non-BIM LCA tools. To accomplish the aim, a qualitative research approach was followed. The topical study exhibits that, BIM can be identified as the most suitable option among existing tools which should be upgraded to improve the accuracy and reliability of final output by mitigating the existing shortfalls.
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Enhancing security by reinstating “shared” space as negotiator between private and public spaces
(2017) Smits, MWM
Searching for better opportunities and exponential population growth have forced many rural inhabitants in developing countries to urbanize. Thousands of new “informal” houses are built every day to accommodate these people around the world. Due to the lack of land, financial capacity and planning these areas become particularly dense informal housing districts. The scarcity of social and spatial organization in slums is leading to degradation of the living standard and security. This article argues that one of the main reasons for these problems seems to lie in the relation between private, semi-private and public spaces organization. The article starts by situating the problem within a global context and the magnitude of self-build informal housing. Secondly, explaining the different levels of public private relations found in rural self-build practice by observing a local family on Mt. Elgon. Here the importance of transitional spaces to the sense of security is explained. Thirdly, identifying the lack of spatial negotiation and organization in urban informal housing (Nairobi) in Kenya. The article concludes by describing the importance and possible improvements of reintroducing transitional ‘shared’ space into informal neighbourhood planning.
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Ordinary heritage: a case of Boro Bazaar, Khulna
(2017) Podder, AK; Hakim, SS; Bosu, SP
The motives behind the selection of heritage buildings for conservation are conventionally founded on an elitist sense of historicity and romantic nostalgia of the past. This paper argues that such an approach has a tendency to be temporally rigid, object focused and exoticism biased. Often many of the buildings selected as heritage are those built by extensive labour, expensive materials and wealthy patrons. Little, however, has been explored on the relation between heritage and aspects of ordinary life, where, in many cases, the latter continue to infuse meaning into the former’s present heritage status. This paper uses a non-participant observational lens to examine an old market tissue in Khulna, an ex-colonial city in Bangladesh and proposes a new notion called ‘ordinary heritage’. Ordinary heritage, as this paper argues, relies on historically persistent socio-economic transactions of the common and the ordinary in their everyday and occasional pursuit for livelihood. These transactions of ordinary people, which are also temporally non-static and evolving, take place within and around the architecture of the built environment, making the production of architecture to be fluid, dynamic and most importantly temporary. It forces architecture to constantly evolve, while negotiating the aspiration, need, aesthetic and reasoning of ordinary subjects. Ordinary heritage thus manifest as a socio-spatial-temporal assemblage innate to an urban tissue that runs as a single organism.