Master of Science in Town & Country Planning
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- item: Thesis-AbstractProblems of land ownership in relation to land development in Sri LankaBerugoda, SThe government of Sri Lanka has been directing its efforts for several decades, at increasing the development of the country# The achievement of this goal depends on the efficacy/ of mobilising the factors of production of land, labour and capital. It is found that there are constraints in getting the maximum out of the land. As a result of these constraints, sufficient labour is not being engaged on or sufficient Capital is not being invested in the land. The land ownership pattern moulded by the intricate laws of succession, which in turn is a result of the historical and cultural background of the people, has been a major constraint in obtaining the maximum from the land. This situation has been aggravated by the lack of proper land records. The undesirable effects of this system have been the inability of getting capital for investment on the land or the prevalance of disputes resulting in the neglect of such lands. This study is directed at the identification of such problems and finding solutions for them. After a critical study of the land ownership system leading to the identification of problems, in Chapter 2, two cose studies are directed at making an assessment of the effect of these problems on development. A comparative study of the situation in a representative selection of countries have been done in Chapter 4. Ths study carried on those linos is directed at the formulation of proposals and a plan of aotion for salving these problems. (iii) The proposals are aimed at s (a) Simplifying the land law and land tenure, (b) Simplifying the procedure in land transactions, and (c) Maintaining a systematic record of rights in land, to be used as an aid in development administration© The #lan of action covers a 25 year period and is aimed at the implementation of the proposals taking into account the development projects already initiated by the Government©
- item: Thesis-AbstractA development plan for schools in Colombo cityKarunaratna, KRMT-his study deals v/ith the growth of education iii woiornho city and the present situation in J,V v.. <; city with regards co educational facilities with a vi s csocosing a sramev/ork for the development of schools in. the context of an overall- development plan for Colombo* --vChapter I describes the pattern of change in education in Sri-Lanka ever the past few decades.It also describes how the city population has changed through the years 13/1 :e 1971. in this context a short history of the growth of schools in Colombo city is given.In addition the earn components of the present structure of education and bha existing number of schools both government and private have also been considered. Chapter II deals with the need for school places based or* population projections for the Colombo Municipal Council area .This chapter is mainly concerned with the magnitude of the problem in terms of additional number of school places and teachers required.
- item: Thesis-AbstractImpact of the restriction on succession under the land development ordinance on land use and development - need for a planned approachBalachandran, C; Perera, ALSLand Use Planning is a multi disciplinary activity essential for a country like Sri Lanka, for its sustainable development. Many attempts have been made by the Governments in this direction by introducing several laws and Ordinances which have the impact . Land is a basic resource and the arrangements for its uses determine the development of a country . Hence Land Tenure is important in developing the land uses and development. In 1935, the Land Development Ordinance was introduced to develop, manage and alienate State lands in a planned manner. The concept of Unitary Succession , which was not applicable at that stage was introduced by this Ordinance to put the lands into better use. But this Ordinance did not have a multi disciplinary approach. This study is intended to analyse the impact on succession under this Ordinance on land use and development . The study revealed that even after 60 years of operation the unitary succession as laid down in the L D O acceptable to the allottee . This combined with the failure of the authorities to review the operation of the system at is not fully IV regular intervals has contributed to the present unsatisfactory situation of low production and low quality of life of those living on lands alienated under the L D 0 . The study shows the need for an integrated approach in planning for the alienation of lands under the L D O .
- item: Thesis-AbstractPlanning guide lines for property development in the suburbs of ColomboPerera, PKY; Perera, ALSIn the Sri Lankan context urban areas are defined by tile size of population as large medium and. small towns, Colombo with its cluster of cites around it forms a large conurbation where there are fourteen towns including' Colombo. Though attempts were made to time plan the growth and effective steps were taken to plan until master plan for Colombo and its region, attention is focused in the development of the suburbs of cities around it forms a are fourteen towns from time development of Colombo, no suburbs of Colombo, very recent times. After the Preparation of the master plan for Colombo and its region, attention is now focused in the development of suburbs of Colombo.
- item: Thesis-Full-textA Study on vehical users behaviour leading to parking problems in urban areas : with special references to two selected cities in Colombo, Sri Lankakumara, BARA; Mahanama, PKSSri Lanka has experiencing the continuous incensement of motor traffic. Approximately 350,000 vehicles have been yearly added to the vehicle volume in Sri Lanka. It also affects adversely on city functioning by creating compound problem of parking. People make their parking decisions thus, the parking behaviour to be determined by their attitudes and behavioral intentions. On the other hand, an individual’s perception has been influenced by the determinant factors of the same. This study is trying to analyze the relationship between the perception determinant factors and parking determinant factors in order to recognize how far they have influenced on the inferences of the parkers in their behaviour. This study proves that majority of parkers viewed that parking is as a facility not a requirement of a city functioning. As long as the users think that the parking is a facility, they tend to park at any vacated space within the city without considering other issues that can arise due to their behaviour based on perception as analysed. The factors that are contributing to the user behaviour are the distances to the desired destination from the palace of parking based on Gender. Age is a factor even the aged parkers like to park as much as close to their desired destination than young users. In terms of safety, females and older aged parkers are very concern about the safety of their vehicle. It has anticipated, with a full cover insurance parkers may accept to park at a considerable distance such as 200 meters. However, the study revealed that in terms of safety the full cover vehicle insurance has no effect on selecting the parking location. Further the study revealed that in prioritizing the distance to the desired destination and the safety disregarded other factors, majority of the parkers are selecting close proximity than the safety. The behaviour of parkers against the parking fee proved that the paid parking at the city center is acceptable. It signifies that the parkers are willing to bear the cost of parking if available at convenient location in the city Center. In summarizing the above factors, it indicates that the user behaviour of the parkers has been affected by their own individual perception for increasing trend on, on-street parking which ultimately led to parking problems.
- item: Thesis-Full-textA Study on the determinants of industrial location the case of western province of Sri LankaWijayaratne, MMCS; Hearth, MThe selection of a location for a manufacturing plant is a foremost decision which has to be made by an industry. This decision is influenced by numerous location determinants such as raw materials, transport labor, utility and infrastructure, etc. Elevated magnitudes of the exerting powers and the collective effects of different location determinants in a particular locality create economic agglomeration and it generates numerous positive and some negative externalities in their economies. Even if the number is less, the influences are more awful with the negative externalities. Western Province of Sri Lanka is also experiencing this. Therefore, any plan introduce to the region should crop up with effective planning activities to achieve the expected industrial development. At present, a development project named “Western Region Megapolis Project” (WRMPP) which hopes to complete in 2030 and estimated to spend 40 billion US$, is at the planning stage. With this, two industrial cities will be developed in Horana and Meeerigama. Thus, it is very much important to find the major location determinants and to investigate whether this project is compatible with them, at this planning stage of it. Hence, this study was carried out to diagnose the major determinants of industrial location in the Western Province of Sri Lanka and then to investigate whether the WRMPP is compatible with those. For that, the district of Colombo which shows the highest industrial agglomeration was selected as the case study area. Considering different types of industries, disproportionate stratified sampling method was used to select the sample. After reviewing the literature, a number of determinants were identified and a questionnaire was prepared by including those. Questionnaire and Key Informant Interviews were used to collect the primary data from the representatives of the selected industries and the relevant organizations. A Frequency Distribution Analysis was conducted to identify the key determinants of industrial location. Then a context analysis was conducted to investigate the compatibility of the project with those major location determinants. According to the results; utilities/ infrastructure, market, transportation and quality of life were identified as the major determinants. Existing and the planned developments for the two industrial cities at Horana and Meerigama under the WRMPP were considerably compatible with most of the sub factors of the major location determinants, but according to the available facts, some factors belong to utilities/ infrastructure such as the attitudes of the utility agents and the cost of fuel, some factors belong to transportation such as water way transportation in the industrial area and some sub factors belong to the marketing facilities such as income trends, consumer characteristics, location of competitors, etc. have not been considered. Therefore, it is impossible to state that the WRMPP is highly compatible with the major location determinants of the industries in the Western Region of Sri Lanka. To obtain more precise results, further studies should be carried out by increasing the sample size and the number of determinants or by sub dividing the major determinants and also assessing the compatibility of the WRMPP after completing the project.
- item: Thesis-Full-textAn Evaluation of the application of land sharing technique in Sri Lankan context : the case of Sirmuthu Uyana housing development project in ColomboWitharana, HWIH; Noordeen, RThe importance of the problem of low income underserved urban settlements in the city of Colombo is beyond debate. According to the Urban Development Authority, 1999 Colombo Development Plan statistics there are about 68,000 dwellers living in different parts of the city are deprived of basic human necessities to lead a decent living. They do not have legal rights to their land and lack many services enjoyed by other settlers in the city. At the same time, the government finds it extremely difficult to allocate land not only for these dwellers but also for incoming migrant streams. The governments to date, in fact, have paid their due attention to solve this problem. Several land management techniques have been applied to tackle the growth of low income settlements while increasing the urban land supply such as land pooling, land zoning, land banking, and integrated programs like Sahaspura. However, those programs had their limitations in addition to the shortage of urban land and financial constraints. Therefore, it is suggested to adopt the land sharing technique in order to provide a solution to this problem. The technique is being practice in many Asian countries especially in Thailand, Indonesia and Cambodia and, to a limited it was practiced in Sri Lanka, too. It is a method that land owners and the occupants (squatters or tenants) reach an agreement whereby the land owners develop the economically most attractive part of the land and the dwellers built houses on the other part with full or limited land ownership (Archer, 1989). As results, some of their attempts have been successful while some of them are failed. So far none of formal institutions or individuals evaluates the application of land sharing technique in the context of Sri Lanka. The main task of the present research is to study an evaluation of application of land sharing technique in Sri Lankan context. The research was carried out in Edirisinghe Watta, Stadiumgama Watta & Lyma Watta at Sirimavo Bandaranayaka Mawatha, Colombo. The sites were amalgamated into one site and the total site was selected using a set of criteria and Land Sharing main principles. The collected data were analyzed and critically evaluated the applicability of the technique. According to the findings, the finalized result implies the most suitable criteria such as community organization, land sharing agreement, better cooperation of the landlord, capital investment, strong support from the outside agencies and lower the development pressure of the application of Land Sharing technique in Sri Lankan context.
- item: Thesis-Full-textAn Examination of the Matara new town development project in light of the concept of bounded rationality and power dynamicsSumanasekara, GL; Marthiyas, SThis research aims to interpret and understand the case of Matara New Town Development in light of Bounded Rationality Concept which is brought by Bryan D. Jones who is a political economist / theorist. The concept of Bounded Rationality opens up an alternative interpretation for why the decision makers are often considered as irrational. He states that decision makers are intendedly rational; but there are limits in the rational decision. According to Jones (1999), there are two types of limits: procedural limits, which limit how we go about making decisions, and substantive limits, which affect particular choices directly. According to such limits the behavior of the decision makers could also be of two types: goal-oriented behavior (that is, rational action) and behavior that is a consequence of the limits of the decision making environment. In this research, I have attempted to examine the above mentioned explanation in the case of Matara New Town Development. Matara New Town Development is very complex, slow and therefore, failed in achieving its broader objectives. The complexity in various decision making was emerged due to various limits that prevailed to the decision makers which led them make “irrational” decisions. I have attempted to interpret those limits using the Bounded Rationality Concept.
- item: Thesis-Full-textA study of the differences between the 'intended' and 'resulted' patterns of use of public open spaces in Colombo urban areaMunasinghe, MAG; Munasinghe, JThis thesis evaluated the differences between the ‘intended’ and ‘resulted’ patterns of use of four public spaces around the Colombo urban area The research explores user intensity levels and activity pattern in relation to supplying elements presence or absence, amenities & other factors. The study found five key quality aspects of the places are, ‘comfortable’ and has a ‘good image’; ‘enrich the existing environment’; ‘mixed uses and variety of forms’; the space is ‘flexible design its changes’; and it is a sociable place and ‘make connections’, one where people meet each other and take people when they come to visit. Urban designers’ intentions to regulate the public space in a particular way in designing and producing space considered the aesthetic and visual greenery and environmental quality improvements. However users are too different dimensions presence as a response to urban public space concern access, freedom of action, claim, change, to find quality user amenities. The behavioral patterns of people experience and use these spaces is a valuable source of information for spatial planning. Indeed, studying how these spaces are used has also shown a significant difference between the intentions of planners and users. However, currently facing challenge by urban designers and planners, how to make public spaces become usable for different types of users who come to use these spaces for diverse purposes and attach different meanings to them.
- item: Thesis-Full-textStudy of migration as a form of adaptation strategy to natural hazards. case study: flood induced migration in Rathnapura areaWitharana, T; Rathnayaka, RThis research studies migration as a household adaptation strategy to flood in Rathnapura.Environment extremes act as one contributor among many to population movement. There are number of migration theories those explains the factors which contribute to human migration. Existing research on human migration in response to natural hazards tends to be limited. So it is important to study how environment factor act as critical factor in the decision to migrate. It is undisputed that there is indeed a relationship between migration and environment hazards. The topic of migration as adaptation strategy is of growing importance but still in the initial stage. So this research emphasize why some people decide to migrate while others do not. What are the factors affect to people to think to migrate and what are the adaptation strategies employed by people in order to reduce the vulnerability. This research was designed in order to give answers to those questions and to study the migration as one form of adaptation strategy. Data and information was collected through questionnaire and interview. The data was analyzed through chi-square test, one way ANOVA and descriptive statistical method by using SPSS. Results shows that there is statistically significant relationship between occupation, severity of flood and no. of years living in hazardous area with think of migrating. Migration cost, livelihood linked with environment, native place,social ties mainly affect to people to stay in risky area. The factors like recovery cost,scarcity of food, disease and security motivate people to migrate. This study shows that people are more vulnerable for flood like to migrate in order to reduce the vulnerability by reducing exposure to flood.
- item: Thesis-Full-textA Study of the emerging interest in waterfront developments with the concept of geomentality: with special reference to ColomboSenevirathna, SCM; Munasinghe, JThe Urban waterfront have become increasingly important at different levels and in diverse aspects. It plays a significant role for the developments of an urban area which gives many values to the people such as flood management, ecological and environmental balance and control of urban heat. When consider the world context, demand for waterfront developments is very high due to the various reasons. This situation influences to change the natural setting of waterfront characteristics to manmade characteristics. Even though demand for waterfront land is increasing, no adequate guidance and prerequisite demand mechanism are established. Many projects have been launched spending enormous resources to recover the damage of waterfront environment by relocating and renovating of existing buildup environment from time to time Nevertheless, their results were failed to prevent that waterfront environment. The reason for that lack of proper planning approach and lack of knowledge base for awareness contributed to the waterfront developments. Although, economic and environmental forces have been studied in the waterfront developments, the socio-cultural and psychological forces behind the development demand for waterfronts are not adequately studied. Therefore, there is a gap in knowledge in understanding of the influence of the socio-cultural forces. The broad objective of this study is to investigate the forces that promote the increasing demand for waterfronts for developments in Sri Lanka. In order to develop a knowledge base for awareness regarding the emerging demand as an outcome of the broader socio-economic transformation. Bolgoda lake waterfront area in Kesbewa Municipal Council limits was selected for this study. Interview based survey was conducted in 2015, during which key attributes caused to increase demand for waterfronts were examined. Size of the randomly selected sample is 50 and data were analyzed using cluster analysis technique, content analysis method and MS Excel. Study was carried out with reference to the concept of Geomentality. Public perceptions regarding to the demand for waterfronts and key attributes associated with the characteristics of Geomentality were investigated. Accordingly, v this study was revealed that there is strong combination between demand attributes and Geomentaity. In the psychological analysis, the concept of Geomentality explains as a systematically organized part of environmental perception. According to the analysis, majority of the demand attributes related to the attitude based responses were mostly reflected Geomentality characteristics such as Relaxing, Cool environment, Quite and Calmness and also these attributes are prior to the demand. Although the Geomentality is the causative factor behind the increasing demand for waterfronts, some other factors which are not reflected Geomentality characteristics are also effected for the demand. Further Geomentality of the respondents was checked by author using some variables. According to the results of the variables analyzed using by MS Excel, it was indicated that value of Geomentality based variables is greater than the value of the non-Geomentality based variables. Further it was revealed that the majority of the identified Geomentality attributes were reflected by the high income social group. Finally, it can be concluded that the water is most important planning element which is comfort of human in physical and psychological. In addition, it brings existing environment in a number of features in term of aesthetic and functional. Examining these views, present study can help to obtain a better understanding to bridge the gaps between the professional and general public as well as provide the means, by which to develop a knowledge base for awareness.
- item: Thesis-Full-textA Study on the contextual variations of the concept of walkabilityEdirisinghe, EDNP; Munasinghe, JWalkability provides a foundation for a sustainable city by reducing use of motor vehicles lead to reduce environmental hazards, increasing the healthiness of people, increasing social contacts and reduce economic loss. The effectiveness of walkability is linked with physical, socio-cultural,economic issues and the expectations and satisfaction of pedestrians. In order to increase the walking population there should be safety, comfort and convenience in the sidewalks. Present motorization and urbanization in Sri Lanken cities, resulting in reduced mobility and increasing thrown a challenge to the planners and decision makers in favor of conversion of motorized cities to walkable cities. So this research emphasize, Is walkability a quality that is commonly accepted by all and that can be achieved with a set of universally accepted parameters or is it a quality perceived depending upon the physical, socio-economic and cultural variables? If is it a varying quality, then does the varying perceived level of walkability have any relationship with the socio- demographic and economic state of individuals and groups? This research was designed in order to give answers to those questions. Data and information was collected through questionnaire and interview. The data was analyzed through content analysis and descriptive statistical method by using SPSS. Results show that respondents who are in same urban space although consume same conditions their acceptation on walkability different. When considering the acceptation over the different socio-cultural and economic groups all are accepted the safety,comfort and convenience differently execept Tamil in ethnic groups and Labour in employment groups. Although there are same parameters accepted in different urban spaces there were specific parameters to the location too. All most all the parameters are same as universally accepted parameters but there were several new. When consider the satisfaction on different walkability attributes in different urban spaces although four different urban spaces had four different improved walkability conditions and people coming from different socio-demographic and economic conditions the people’s perception on walkability was common. When increasing the age the dissatisfaction on considered attributes was gone up. With the increasing of the education level, the satisfaction on safety while walking goes up, satisfaction for the surface material is decrease. For the shade all over the socio demographic groups most of them are dissatisfied and with the increase of education level dissatisfaction goes up. With the increase of income level the satisfaction for the safety while walking is increasing.
- item: Thesis-Full-textFamiliar strangers: a comparative study to understand the social dynamics of contemporary public spaces of Sri Lanka : with special references to two selected public spaces in Sri LankaCooray, TCMNRT; Munasinghe, JThe idea of public space has been extensively discussed and debated by Architects, Sociologists, Urban Planners, Anthropologists and other Researchers for a long time. Public spaces play a particular role in the social life of urban areas, whether as memorable, accessible, or meaningful places. However, the idea of “city as a community of strangers” is not new.The intention of this study was to explore the predominant understanding that the urban people are less friendly and helpful than their rural counterparts by exploring the adaptive response behavior and the level of friendliness of both urban people and their rural counterparts to act more helpful and friendlier to strangers at public spaces. During the literature reviewed, it was revealed that very little literature was available and not specifically examined and documented on the level of friendliness of both urban and rural people and their behavioral response to explicit demands in daily lifestyle at public spaces. Based on the literature reviewed, research questions and the research objective was formulated. Two urban & rural public spaces were selected based on criteria developed after formulating a working definition. A System overload theory formulated by Stanley Milgram (1972) to explore the adaptive responses of people and Reisman’s (1983), friendliness scale were applied to analyze the qualitative data collected from 30 conveniently selected respondents while 45 strangers at both selected public space were observed closely by applying participatory and non-participatory observation techniques.The study shed light on the major concerns of planners to create public spaces in both rural and urban areas, by analyzing the usage of the public spaces, the perception of public spaces by users, adaptive response behavior of the user to explicit demands, level of friendliness of the people at public spaces. As a conclusion, the study emphasized that the urban people are less friendly than their rural counter parts to some extent at public spaces studied in this research. Further, it has revealed that the urban people were always respond carefully to strangers as per the Reisman’s self-explanatory statements tested while rural people are opposite of that and they always wanted to engage with strangers.Suggestion were made to study other public spaces based on the major findings and reviewed literature, as well suggestions for future research opportunities.
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- item: Thesis-AbstractUtilization of low - lying land for integrated urban development a case study of Colombo North(2016-04-29) Fernando, PLAMSKcolombo has been the Capital city of Sri Lanka since british rule. Today it has developed in all aspectsb such as I economical , social,political and physical, etc, Owing physical growth of the city the availbility of buildable land has now reached the saturation point, As a , result of problans have arisen in the city and some of them becorne critical . Nevertheless, there are about 2500 acres of unused low-lying areas situate-d in around tbe city. This study ssed on a plruh ed method of loitation of those 3Cl low-lying m·eas , Tne study has been u.11d.ertaken in seven chapters. st Chapter has discussed thep:rocess of develo}1rnent of
- item: Thesis-AbstractA Methodology in urban renewal – a case study of Panchikawatta(2016-04-29) Dayarathne, PThis is en analytical study e.volv:tng a process the evolution of an Urban Renewal Methodology for the absolete areas of the 01ty of Colombo. The process begins with the identification of these areas \lhere conditie>n of social, economic and physical are \'lo:rse than those prevailing elsewhere in the City. Tile identification and selection of the problem areas lead to an in depth analysis. The synthesis of date the.t follows. highlights the problems and the potential of the area. At the end.,... a programme of urban renewal is formulated drawing lessons from similar approaches in other parts of the world together with a 'Zoning scheme and a detail layout plan for the Panchikawatta area development. The study consists of the followil'tg seven steps: 1. The obj eetive of the study are stated here in the light of the social. and p sical. conditions of the problem 2 • The Historical back ground of the City and the growth of ma3or problems of the city in general and a detail analysis of such problems in absolete areas relating to the socio-economic and physical fUnctions are presented here.
- item: Thesis-AbstractA Study of the use of local resource based knowledge for sustainable tourism case study of Kuchchaweli tourism development area(2015-11-24) Jayathissa, SPS; Munasinghe JSustainable tourism is an emerging concept related to tourism development all over the world. Social sustainability is an integral part of sustainable tourism development which addresses the impacts of tourism development on the local resources. This research studies the use of local recourses Based Knowledge on sustainable tourism Development in Kuchchaveli Divisional Secretariat Area in Sri Lanka. Research consists of economical social and ecological resources which are based knowledge. The objective of the study was to assess the existing local resources based knowledge for promoting sustainable tourism in the study area. Data and information on the resources and existing tourism practices were collected through the primary sources such as questionnaires and interviews and secondary sources. The study area was thoroughly observed to understand the potentials of local resources and environment. Data and information on local resources based knowledge were analysed to assess the potentials of tourism development. There are local resources to support the ecotourism in a sustainable manner such as natural sandy beaches, water bodies, mangroves, rivers and natural forest. The issues of existing tourism practices in the study area were analysed and appropriate measures have been proposed to enhance the tourism industry in a sustainable manner.
- item: Thesis-AbstractSpatial attributes of subculture - case of panchikawatta triangle(2015-11-24) Jayarathne, PDN; Mariyathas, SThen main two objectives of the research are, identify spatial attributes and evaluate the sub-culture manipulation in those spatial attributes. First the meaning of culture was defined by doing substantive literature review. It was understood that culture is collective name for form of cultural production, dissemination, and reception and the collective values of social group as expressed in habits and expressions of everyday life (Miles, M & Hall, T & Bonder, L (ed.) 2000). It can be qualitative and quantitative. ( Bronislaw Malinowski’s, 1957). Built form pattern, Street pattern, Clustering patterns and housing appearances are such four quantitative spatial attributes were studied in this research. (Amos Rapoport, 1982). Panchikawatta triangle was selected as case study area and sub cultural groups were identified in based on the ethnicity of the residents. Then it was studied, to identify how sub-culture groups manifest in space in selected four spatial attributes. In each and every spatial attribute; photographic survey, interviews, discussions with people, observation studies were done to achieve the stated objectives of the research. As it is mixed and evolved by nature, even we could clustered the sub-culture groups based on ethnicity where they dominantly occupied the space, there are more similarities in the spatial attributes and in some sense no influences of sub-culture in particular spatial attribute. Mainly in street pattern, no any influences were found through the analysis; generally it is evolved by nature. Likewise in built fabric studies, it shows only the area where Sinhalese sub culture-group living has more void and other sub-culture groups has more solid. In activity pattern and housing appearances, there are differences, sub-culture to sub-culture but not substantive. In housing appearance, there are differences in houses within sub-culture groups depend on who has high level income. Appearance of façade, privacy level and internal arrangement of spaces are such elements shows differences between the sub-cultural groups. When see the low income groups, it is almost common to all sub-culture groups rather than differ in few elements (grills, painting, personalization).
- item: Thesis-AbstractAn Examination of preparedness of commiuinity for community based tourism Sri Lanka a case study of Kalpitiya tourism area(2015-11-13) Sathkumara, SMPD; Susantha, LSSri Lanka’s diverse landscapes and rich cultural heritage provide a wide range of tourism opportunities, ranging from “sun and sand” holidays, wildlife excursions and cultural tours. The governments recognize this potential and are continuing with their attempts to promote tourism as a means of generating foreign exchange and employment opportunities, and for expanding econom ic activities. But, rapid increasing rate of tourists has created negative impact on socioeconomic and environmental conditions, particularly natural exploitation, unequal income distribution and waste management problem. Thus, the need to develop tourism in a sustainable manner has also become a primary concern. Many governments shifted their policy towards more sustainable tourism development, focusing on conservation and benefits to local communities. Ecotourism development goal is to maintain a healthy natural and social environment, and to foster self-reliance in local communities. However, there are many studies indicating that where ecotourism is not sufficiently community-focused has created negative impact on the environment, and communities have not received sufficient benefits. The success of community-based tourism depends on various factors such as the tourism resources, level of community participation, strong leadership, the strength of community organization, fair benefit distribution, effective natural resource management and sufficient outside support. There are many studies, researches and proven concepts, developed techniques in relating the community based tourism in the world. But there are less studies which emphasize clear set of guidelines on suitable model for the community based tourism. However, CBT rarely have been implemented in Sri Lankan context. Isolated cases with varying degrees of success can be observed. Therefore, this research attempted to fill this gap by identifying an appropriate CBT models or guidelines practicing the tourism development process in Sri Lanka. An attempt has been made to study an appropriate CBT model was selected and formulated appropriate indicators for assessing the case study community. Depending on available data a criteria was developed to find out to what extent the preparedness of community in case study area. Considering the CBT model guiding elements acceptance level of the community marks were given. According to the analysis of this study and though knowledge from this a theoretical analysis a appropriate CBT model and was developed and recommended to be followed in practicing the community based tourism in Sri Lankan context.