WCS - 2019

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://192.248.9.226/handle/123/15082

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item: Conference-Full-text
Analysis of survival factors of subcontractors in economic recession
Misbah, ASM; Disaratna, V; Ganeshu, P; Nazeer, FS
Subcontracting is a term which means giving a portion of the work or obligations to another party called as subcontractor (SC) under a contract. This was used in several industries but in the construction industry, it plays a vital role to complete the project with a higher quality of output. In gross domestic product (GDP) calculation of the national economy, the significance of the construction industry is very high. When a country faces an economic recession, it has a direct impact on the construction industry and the stakeholders of that industry. A small number of researches was available regarding how the construction firms handle the external changes like economic recession. In this respect, this research analyses the key strategies used by the SCs when they face an economic recession. Purposive sampling method was used for data collection and a questionnaire survey was selected as the basic technique to collect data. The respondents were first asked about their profile and then about the effect of recession and survival strategies in economic recession. Relative Importance Index (RII) method was used to rank the effects and the strategies according to its importance given by the respondents. Findings of the research were that there are various strategies which are most important to the survival of subcontracting firms “Increasing the focus on forming relationship with main contractors”, “maintain goodwill to get additional financial support from bank”, “Implementing stricter site management to reduce material and time wastage”, “Implementing stricter financial management on company cash flow”, and “bidding for more projects that are within the firm’s resources and capabilities”. Finally, practicable suggestions were identified for SCs to survive in the construction industry during the economic recession period.;.
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Applicability of smart building concept to enhance sustainable building practice in Sri Lanka
Bandara, KTW; Abeynayake, MDTE; Pandithawatta, TPWSI
With the expansion of economic activities, sustainable development in construction industry got more attention worldwide. Hence, industry practitioners are more concerned on achieving sustainable construction goals to make more effective and efficient services. The Smart Building concept can be implemented with advanced building technologies to achieve clients’ requirements with in the economic, environmental and social parameters while enhancing building performances efficiently. To explore the applicability of Smart Building concept to enhance sustainable building practices in Sri Lanka, the qualitative research approach was used in this research. The opinions of the smart and sustainable construction experts were obtained through semi-structured interviews. Smart Building concept is novel to the Sri Lankan construction industry and the implementation is still in the initial stage. However, the perception of the construction industry on the Smart Building concept is focused on a strong and positive direction. The recognised sustainable benefits of Smart Building concept implementation can be used as a promoting tool to make interest on Smart Buildings. Most of these benefits are long term and most of the clients do not recognise the value of Smart Buildings in terms of sustainability. Therefore, improving the knowledge and awareness of the developers is vital during the implementation process within the local context. Lack of financial resources, complex technology requirement, reluctant to commence new technologies and lack of knowledge of developers and owners are the main barriers that are existing within the local context. Mitigating these barriers will expedite the implementation process of Smart Building concept and will upgrade the performance of the local construction industry dramatically.
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Applications of digital technologies for health and safety management in construction
Haupt, TC; Akinlolu, M; Raliile, MT
The construction industry has been known for many decades as a high-risk industry with low levels of innovation and reluctance to adopt change. Common causes of construction accidents are associated with human error, hazardous work activities, defective equipment and dangerous working environments. However, to provide a better and safe working environment, the industry can exploit the benefits of emerging health and safety technologies. The purpose of this study is to explore the application of various emerging technologies and how they can be used to improve construction health and safety management. The paper reviewed extensive literature from previous studies on emerging technologies and interventions for construction job site safety such as; Virtual Reality (VR), online databases, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Building Information Modelling (BIM), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), 4D Computer-Aided Design (4D CAD), wearables, robotics, laser scanning, photogrammetry and sensor-based technologies. Furthermore, these technologies were grouped into three categories; people technologies, process technologies and environmental technologies for better analysis. Keywords such as ‘construction health and safety technologies’, ‘digital technologies’ and ‘emerging technologies’ were used to search online databases. This study identified emerging technologies and their application in the construction industry to improve health and safety.
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Apprentice perceptions of work based learning: preliminary observations
Siriwardena, M; Ross, A; Abbott, A; Manewa, A
The degree apprenticeships programme involves a tripartite agreement involving the student apprentice, employer and the university. The programme introduced few years ago in the UK, which now caters to a significant number of apprentices in built environment related degree programmes. Although the Degree Apprenticeships involve a significant component of work based learning, limited evidence exist to justify Chartered Surveying Degree Apprenticeships Standard as a successful work based learning facilitator, mainly due to the scarcity of research. The findings of this paper are based on an ongoing research project, therefore is limited to evaluating Degree Apprenticeships apprentice perception of work based learning. Research method comprised of a literature review and the inspection of the guidance documents related to the delivery of the Degree Apprenticeships programme, followed by seven semistructured interviews with selected degree apprentices. Qualitative data analysis paved the way for identification of several success areas and the aspects that require further improvement. Lack of shared understanding among the three parties and the absence of explicit evidence of implementation of work based learning were noteworthy, and suggestions for improvement are proposed. Further research involving a wider sample of apprentices and employers suggested. .
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Appropriateness of cida price fluctuation formula for road construction in Sri Lanka
Hajjath, AKM; Rathnayake, MD
The use of the construction industry development authority (CIDA) formula of price fluctuation will help to claim unpredicted costs in construction projects at least up to a satisfying level. However, some limitations were made when preparing the formula to ease the calculation. Therefore, the project aims to find out the factors affecting the CIDA price fluctuation formula and to identify the appropriate use of the CIDA price fluctuation formula for road construction. A mixed approach was utilized for the study. A broad study of the literature review was intended to a price fluctuation concept and price fluctuation reclamation methods and the significance of road construction projects. The semi-structured and structured close-ended questionnaires were carried out to collect data to identify issues and factors affecting the formula. The qualitative data were analyzed through Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Miner lite software while quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS software. A framework was developed concerning outcomes. The price indices, coefficient (0.966), input percentage of construction inputs were found as internal factors which are affecting the formula with their issues and also the difficulties faced while calculation of those internal factors, type of the contract, assumptions which are used to make the formula were found as the external factors. This framework can be recommended to use as a tool before commencing the price fluctuation calculation using the CIDA formula for understanding which factors are mostly helping to increase the appropriateness of the CIDA formula in the road construction sector.
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Bridging the theory-practice gap in value management in Sri Lankan construction industry
Mahinkanda, MMMP; Sandanayake, YG; Ekanayake, BJ
Construction process is one of the most complex and dynamic procedures. Therefore, it is vital to use resources efficiently and effectively. Considering this requirement of any construction project, creating value for money is becoming important. It contributes to the economic, social and environmental aspects of a country. The concept of value is based on the relationship between satisfying needs, expectations and the resources required to achieve them. Value Management (VM) is recognised as a suitable approach to ensure value for money in construction projects. Although, VM concept is significantly used in developed countries, its applications do not seem to be well established in the construction industry in most of the developing countries including Sri Lanka. This is mainly due to lack of understanding of VM concept. Hence, this study aims to investigate how to bridge the theory-practice gap in VM in Sri Lankan construction industry, through seven case studies. Case study data collection was based on interviews, document review and observations and analysed using content analysis. The research findings revealed that these projects employed different kinds of VM methodologies derived from standard VM methodologies with the focus of various VM objectives. The study further identified number of reasons for theory-practice gap in VM such as lack of a formal guideline and less knowledge on VM, which dilute successful VM implementation. The experts further proposed train in-house VM facilitators, proper project planning, motivate investors, train Sri Lankan professionals by foreign experts and govern VM knowledge sharing as strategies to bridge the gap in order to deliver best value for client’s money.
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Building organisational capacities for effective e-waste management: a conceptual framework
Azeem, AHA; Mallawarachi, H; Geekiyanage, D
Globally, e-waste generation rises in parallel to the increased consumption of e-products. Management of this complex waste stream becomes a severe challenge, especially for developing countries. Sri Lanka also no exception to this problem due to the limited capacities of e-waste handling organisations in the country. Therefore, this study aims to develop a conceptual framework for effective e-waste management by integrating organisational capacities to improve the involvement of organisations for effective e-waste management. Initially, a comprehensive literature review was carried out on the state-of-art of the e-waste management, capacity buildings, and application of organisational capacities for e-waste management alike. The review of the literature revealed that there are eight dimensions to measure organisational capacities. They are mission and strategy, organisational structure, processes, human resources, financial resources, information resources, and infrastructure. The data collected from the literature review was manually analysed and finally, the conceptual framework was developed on organisational capacity buildings for effective e-waste management. The developed conceptual framework can be used as a guideline to implement organisational capacities for e-waste management. This framework will be a blueprint for individuals and organisations to incorporate dimensions of organisational capacity buildings to ewaste management by identifying the existing capacity gaps consequently, enhancing the organisational capacity for better managing the e-waste, especially in developing countries.
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Client’s impact to the schedule Delays in road projects: contractor’s perspective
Abeykoon, MMGD; Zainudeen, N; Perera, CSR; Madhuwanthi, HAS
The problem of schedule delay is a frequent and regular phenomenon in the construction projects. Road construction of Sri Lanka is no exception. Client as a key project participant has a control on duration of construction phases. This makes client a casual cause for schedule delay. However, contractor also is a major suffering party due to unprecedented delays. Therefore, this research is aimed at investigating the contractor’s perspective of client’s impact to the schedule delay in rehabilitation and widening road projects (RWRP) in Sri Lanka. Initially, a comprehensive literature review aided to identify types and effects of delay in road construction projects. Further, identified literature was refined in the sense of Sri Lankan context through three number of preliminary interviews. Next, six cases were selected considering RWRPs in Sri Lanka and steered a document review to investigate the influence of the involvement of the client for delays. Then, a questionnaire survey was carried out to examine the significance of client’s causes for delay on contractor’s perspective and to identify the client’s best practices including suggestions to minimize the delays in RWRPs in Sri Lanka. The analysed data confirmed that delayed interim payments to the contractors due to monetary difficulties of the client, change orders by the client throughout the construction period, delay in land acquisition and delay in handing over the site for construction work as key client causative factors. This study request client to adhere with the identified best practices to mitigate schedule delays in RWRP in Sri Lanka.
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The concept of value engineering and its assimilation in Sri Lankan construction industry: a literature review
Hyderaly, H; Thayaparan, M; Aarifkhan, F
Value is an ideational thought by which a worth of a good or service is expressed. Value Engineering is one of the tools used to evaluate such value and provide solutions for best fit value in real time. The core principle of practicing value engineering is to achieve value for money in construction projects, but it also bestows practitioners with added advantages such as innovative alternatives and enhanced quality. Even though value engineering is practiced globally, application of value engineering in Sri Lanka is highly limited due to lack of knowledge and awareness of the concept of value engineering, lack of realisation of the benefits it can bring to the construction projects and lack of government support. Hence, Sri Lankan construction industry lacks initiatives to pursue integration of value engineering in construction projects. The objective of this paper is to explore the idea behind the term “value” through value engineering and manifest previously identified causes and mitigation strategies to enhance value engineering practices within Sri Lanka. A comprehensive literature review has been carried out to disclose facts and cues of value engineering identified globally and to contextualise the concepts of value engineering within Sri Lankan construction industry. This paper emphasises that value engineering enhances the total value of the project while irradiating unnecessary costs associated with the projects. However, Sri Lankan construction industry is not practising value engineering in its full potential due to barriers identified above. Recommendations were, therefore, proposed to reveal the importance of standardising value engineering practice in Sri Lankan construction industry. .
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Conceptual framework for green supply chain practices in construction industry
Rajamanickam, T; Waidyasekara, KGAS; Pandithawatta, TPWSI
The construction industry plays an important role in improving quality of the environment. However, it was also found out that the construction activities create negative impacts on the environment. Reducing the negative environmental impact of the construction industry is one of the major challenges in the 21st century. However, regardless of the significance of this problem, limited efforts to deal with the negative effects have been largely fragmented and disjointed. Green Supply Chain Management is considered as one of the main efforts, which aim to integrate environmental parameters within the supply chain management. It reduces carbon emissions and improves environmental performances of organizations. The trend towards developing Green Supply Chain is now increasing among various industries. In the recent past, enterprises have started Green Supply Chain Management for the purpose of securing competitive advantages over other initiative due to the increase of international conventions related to the recent climate change, the global environmental protection regulations, the stakeholders and investors’ need for environmental suitability and the consumer’s choice for environmentally friendly products. Therefore, this paper aims to critically review the secondary data on Supply Chain Management, Sustainable Supply Chain Management, and Green Supply Chain Management in the construction industry. Finally, the paper presents a conceptual framework integrating concepts for Green Supply Chain Management practices to the construction sector.
item: Conference-Full-text
A conceptual knowledge value chain model for construction organisations engaged in competitive tendering
Dewagoda, KG; Perera, BAKS
With the world heading towards a knowledge economy, knowledge is contemplated as a critical organisational resource that creates competitive advantage for construction organisations, especially when they engage in competitive tendering. Knowledge Value Chain Model (KVCM) is a viable mechanism that employs organisational knowledge for the organisations to acquire competitive advantage in competitive tendering. However, it has yet not been adopted although there is a dire requirement for it in the construction industry. Hence, this study developed a conceptual KVCM to facilitate the full exploitation of the knowledge available in a construction organisation so that it can function with competitive advantage during competitive tendering. This conceptual KVCM was developed by analysing the generic KVCMs mentioned in the extant literature. The analysis was followed by 15 expert interviews. It is recommended that to facilitate its pragmatic implementation, the KVCM be customised in the future as a Knowledge Value Chain (KVC) Framework by incorporating organisational characteristics.
item: Conference-Full-text
A culture-based solution for construction and demolition waste management in Sri Lanka: a literature review
Mendis, APKD; Samaraweera, A; Kumarasiri, DMGBT; Rajini, D; Madhuwanthi, HAS
Construction projects consume bulky amounts of materials, natural resources, and energy and at the same time generate unacceptable level of solid wastes. There are strategies implemented in order manage the construction and demolition wastes in Sri Lanka. However, most of those have become unsuccessful due to the policy makers being unable to consider the cultural factors stemming from socio-economic factors, while implementing such strategies. Thus, this paper aims at deriving a culture-based solution for construction and demolition waste management in Sri Lanka. This aim is achieved through a broad literature review. As per the extent literature, the main cultural manifestations describing the cultural context of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste management include values, attitudes and behaviours. Accordingly, Sri Lankans hold many positive values, however majority of attitudes and behaviours are of negative in nature. According to literature, these cultural manifestations exists in a hierarchical order with attitudes being influenced by values and behaviours being influenced by attitudes. Nevertheless, positive values of Sri Lankans are not reflected through the attitudes and behaviours of C&D waste management, requiring thorough empirical studies to justify the dynamisms of value-attitude-behaviour hierarchy in Sri Lankan context. In addition, if these cultural manifestations related to C&D waste to be managed, a reverse cycle to the value-attitude-behaviour hierarchy should be considered, which is introduced as ‘cycle of culture management’ through this paper.
item: Conference-Full-text
Deciding on the consultancy fee for re-measurement contracts in the Sri Lankan construction industry
Madushani, SDA; Seneviratne, LDIP; Ganeshu, P
Construction industry is the necessary national backbone in developing countries. Consultants are the stakeholders who supplies objective and independent external service to the client. Consulting is gradually becoming a more standard service, price being the main factor in clients’ contracting decision so consulting firms continually strives for cost reductions to provide a competitive pricing advantage. By conducting a comprehensive literature synthesis history about consulting fee decision criteria and IQSSL fee proposal were determined. Subsequently, expert interviews were conducted. Semi structured interviews and reviewing documents were used as data collection methods. Collected data was analysed using code based content analysis. It was revealed that, procurement methods and the consultancy fee have a relationship. Construction management contracts and the re-measurement contracts has the highest consultancy fee. There are number of factors to be considered when deciding on the consultancy fee. Findings suggested that independent quantity surveying consultancy fee is within the range between from 0.4% to 1.2% of the contract sum and IQSSL proposal has to accommodate number of improvements for it to be practiced in the Sri Lankan construction industry.
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Decision making on adaptive reuse of historic buildings in Sri Lanka
Samaranayake, RADIU; Jayawickrama, TS; Melagoda, DG; Rathnayake, RMDIM
The construction industry is consistently involved with improving the economic, social and environmental parameters of sustainability. This has led the sustainability in construction to shift from an original focus on cleaner and leaner project delivery to a restorative and regenerative approach. Increasing demand for urban regeneration has driven the act of preserving and reusing parts of cities with historical significance for a variety of uses. Thereby, adaptive reuse serves as an attractive and superior alternative for reusing buildings with architectural and historical importance in terms of sustainability and a circular economy. However, many historic buildings are being disused or demolished due to the inability of determining viable new uses for historic buildings. Thus, this study aimed at providing systematic guidance for decision-making on Adaptive Reuse of Historic Buildings (ARHB) in Sri Lanka. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to explore the concept of adaptive reuse, related regulations, drivers and barriers, new uses for historic buildings and factors affecting decision-making on adaptive reuse of buildings. Finally, this paper proposes a conceptual framework to assist decision making on ARHB in Sri Lanka.
item: Conference-Full-text
Developing a pre-task plan for the Sri Lankan construction industry
Madhuwanthi, HAS; Seneviratne, LDIP; Ganeshu, P
Earlier planning outputs a larger impact against unprecedented changes in construction projects. Pre-task planning (PTP) is a collaborative process that allied prior planning and safety together at the site in the daily basis. PTP allows task-based planning in the sense of associated hazard identification, mitigation and resource allocation. PTP starts with the task definition and moves with job hazard analysis while mandating the scheduling and a pre-job briefing. Therefore, the research was aimed at investigating the use of PTP in the construction projects in Sri Lanka. The study adopted a qualitative research approach. An extensive literature review was conducted and twelve, semistructured interviews involving project managers, safety engineers, site supervisors and site engineers were carried out to investigate the application of PTP in the construction industry, process of PTP, responsible parties to conduct pre-task planning and proposing a suitable format for a pre-task plan. The collected data through the expert interviews were then subjected to a content analysis. Findings confirmed that Construction industry of Sri Lanka is practicing the pre-task planning as safety and resource allocating technique. Further, tasks identification, recognition of potential hazards associated with the tasks, mitigation measures, record, and report were identified as key steps in the process of pre-task planning. Site supervisor was the key responsible party over others in conducting pre-task planning. Primary components that need to be included in the pre-task plan as emphasized by the respondents are; equipment, material, labour, personal protective equipment, work plan and hazards and precautions.
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Development of a computer model for cost estimation in educational buildings
Chandraratne, KADSM; Devapriya, KAK; Pandithawatta, TPWSI
Cost estimating in construction is critical at the early stage of the project in order to determine whether the project is feasible or not to the client. Cost estimators are facing numerous difficult moments due to incomplete project details and unavailability of cost estimation instruments in early stages of a project. This issue uplifts the necessity of novel and advanced cost model which would be simple, understandable and more reliable. Within the Sri Lankan context, the accuracy of the estimated amount is solely based on the experience and skills of the estimator due to unavailability of reliable cost estimation tool for educational institution buildings in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss about the development of a computer model for cost estimation in educational buildings with the current practices and related issues in preparing preliminary project estimates. Semi structured interviews were conducted between twelve experts from consultancy and contractor organisations and the necessary cost data were selected from twenty educational buildings. The Multiple Regression Analysis and Artificial Neural Network methods were utilised to analyse the collected data. Each method has a unique way of building relationships between predictors and responses. However, both the methods were succeeded only in estimating cost of limited number of sub-elements. Multiple Regression Analysis succeeded on five occasions and Artificial Neural Network method had presented efficacy in seven sub-elements only. Altogether eight elements were succeeded in estimating the cost of an educational institution buildings.
item: Conference-Full-text
Disputes between main contractor and subcontractor: causes and preventions
Shivanthi, BKC; Devapriya, KAK; Pandithawatta, TPWSI
Disputes free subcontract is a key to success of modern construction industry which largely depends on subcontracting. Since this effort has to be made on the expense of time and cost, which can be used otherwise to add more value to the project, it is vital to decide an effective mechanism to mitigate subcontract disputes. Considering the need for addressing this fact, this paper aims to investigate causes of subcontract disputes and effective prevention measures. Mixed approach was followed in order to achieve the aim of the study. Thus, a preliminary survey was conducted to validate literature findings and a questionnaire survey was carried out with contractor and subcontractor representatives to identify causes of subcontract disputes and prevention measures. The findings of the preliminary survey were analysed using content analysis technique and data captured through questionnaire survey was evaluated using relative important index and weighted mean. Incompleteness of the contract was identified as the primary reason of disputes in subcontracts. Further, financial issues, risks and uncertainties, collaborative conflicts, opportunistic behaviours of contracting parties and wrong practices also have a significant impact on occurrence of disputes. Proper contract management and proper site management which includes scheduling and effective project management practices were identified as the most effective prevention measures. The contract administrators should identify the things they should necessarily address in the contract and project managers in dispute prevention regards should consider time and cost constraints to prioritize effective prevention measures.
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Effective partner selection model for construction joint ventures in Sri Lanka
Ranga, MKGT; Mallawarachchi, H; Withanage, KT
Construction Joint Venture (CJV) is a response to the complex and competitive environment which characterised the nature of construction industry. However, various disputes arose in CJVs which impede the successful completion of the construction project especially as a result of the ineffective partner selection. Nevertheless, the literature thus far has failed to provide an effective partner selection for the CJVs since none of the studies subjected to partner selection in CJVs. Hence, the research is aimed to investigate the existing practice of partner selection in order to develop a model for avoiding disputes in CJVs in Sri Lanka. Three rounds of Delphi survey were conducted through the adoption of quantitative approach with the participation of experts who have plenty of experience and adequate knowledge on CJVs. The identified joint venture (JV) partner selection criteria from literature synthesis were the base for the adoption of the CJV partner selection criteria developed using the relative importance index. Consequently, effective CJV partner selection model was proposed based on the effect of dispute avoidance. The concern of literature and industry experts proved the absence of the standard partner selection criteria for the CJVs. However, guidelines for selecting partners provided in tender documents were followed by only contractors in order to fulfil the required criteria merely towards winning the project. Thus, the partner selection model proposed in this research provides a basis to select the most appropriate and the best partner for CJVs by evaluating all particular skills and capacities which may avoid having the future disputes.
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Energy retrofits to enhance energy performance of existing buildings: a review
Fasna, MFF; Gunatilake, S
Inefficient buildings use three to five times the energy as efficient buildings. Herein, improving the Energy Efficiency (EE) of buildings, specifically existing buildings that account for a large part of the building sector, has become a major priority. Energy Retrofits (ER) are identified as the main approach to enhance energy performance of buildings to achieve energy reduction targets. Yet, a general lack of awareness exists with respect to ER, types of ER and the possible ER measures through which building EE could be enhanced. Thus, the aim of this paper is to fill this research gap by critically reviewing the relevant literature on ER. With the intention of avoiding the misperceptions on the concept of ER, the paper first analysed various definitions of ER provided by different authors. This had made it clear that in addition to enhancing EE, ER also result in upgraded functionality, improved architectural quality, increased aesthetic value, reduced resource consumption, decreased CO2 emissions and improved indoor air quality. Besides, based on the critical review of literature, the paper also discusses different types of ER that could be adopted to retrofit a particular building and different ER measures that could be used to retrofit different building elements/systems. The findings of this study could be used by practitioners as a basis in understanding the available ER types and measures for the buildings that would be of use in making effective decisions during their endeavours to enhance the EE of existing buildings.
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Essential stakeholder contributions for establishing life cycle assessment (lca) in the construction industry: a desk study
Amarasinghe, SDIA; Hadiwattage, C
In recent times, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been evolved in globally as an analytical tool that systematically and holistically investigates cumulative environmental impacts associated with the entire building lifecycle from its cradle-to grave. Moreover, LCA approach has become a well-rooted concept internationally as a decision making tool due to the collaborative activities between main five (05) stakeholders i.e. academia, government, construction industry, civil society, and the natural environment. In contrast, it is difficult to find evidence on the application of LCA in Sri Lankan construction industry. Also, there is increasing interest in applying LCA, as Sri Lankan construction industry has been criticised due to the environmental pollution with the escalation of upcoming building projects. Hence, this study aimed to conduct a desk study by reviewing existing literature to disclose the activities, which the developed countries followed to integrate LCA into construction practice pertaining to aforesaid five stakeholder’s contributions. Literature findings highlighted that, academia have to undertake and disseminate fact-based and comprehensive research on the field of LCA in order to popularize the concept of LCA while government bodies, construction industry, civil society and natural environment have to take actions to embed LCA to the environmental regulations and environmental planning as a core element to take voluntary actions to build ecologically sustainable constructions by using LCA as a decision making technique. Environmental modeling software packages have to be introduced as a collaborative activity of academia, construction industry and natural environment to make it possible to integrate LCA to the construction industry.

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