Workshops, Seminars, Symposiums & Conferences

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169 Invisible Architecture; Integrating Subterranean Brussels in Active Neighbourhood Revitalization
(2015-10-02) Dissanayake, A
Brussels is a city with immense potentials and opportunities. Being at the heart of Europe, it is coherently connected with rest of the world both physically and figuratively. However, these opportunities and connections constantly attract people from around the world; giving way to a heterogenic society of diverse ethnicities and cultures. This heterogenic society creates a strong tension in some quarters of Brussels – especially when there is a prominent arrival magnet as with the case of neighbourhood Fountains with Brussels south railway station in close proximity. As with any infrastructure project, the proposed metro and tram station of Lemonier, is a potential for not only the neighbourhood of Fountains but also for entire metropolis of Brussels. The proposed MetCom program incorporating the Brussels underground gives these commonly mono-functional mobility infrastructure projects a new meaning; transforming them into effective urban public spaces. Introduction of this proposed novel logistic system for urban freight transportation allows new possibilities for the use of existing unused space within the metro stations as well as in the adjoining gray buildings. The project not only helps revitalize the neighbourhood by introducing a new economy but also encourages better interaction of the heterogenic society by providing a place for activity. The project however does not create an architectural object; on the contrary, it creates an invisible architecture
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Adaptability of integrated project delivery in a construction industry
Jayasena, HS; Senevirathna, NS
Within the traditional procurement system, level of achievement of client and contractor objectives may vary depending on the type of procurement used This may further create a gap between the expected and actual performance of the project. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is the modern development of the procurement systems in the industry where collaborative innovation is the path used to achieve the goals of a project. Appreciable characteristics and benefits of this concept convert the construction industry towards it. It is observed that United States of America is the jirst to develop and implement this concept specially focusing on the public sector. Although, the concept is not yet popular around the world, it is likely that the clients will demand for it in future due to economic and managerial advantages it brings. Thus, it is important that an industry be prepared to adapt the system as and when the need arises. Identifying this need, a literature synthesis on requisites and barriers for successful implementation of IPD is presented in this paper. The findings shall become valuable source for any construction industry to assess their readiness and take necessary steps to be ready to implement IPD system successfully.
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Allocation of risks to parties involved in Sri Lankan road construction projects : a Delphi study.
(2015-04-11) Perera, BAKS; Rameezdeen, R; Chileshe, N; Hosseini, M
The findings of a broad literature review as the first stage of this study indicated that identifying risk factors on a lifecycle basis and defining the shares of the parties involved in projects in terms of dealing with risks would increase the effectiveness of risk management studies. Drawing upon the foregoing results, this study aimed at ascertaining the main risks and accordingly allocating them to the parties involved in each phase of the road construction projects in Sri Lanka deploying a three-round Delphi study. The outcomes of the Delphi revealed that the construction and the design phase are the most critical phases of a road project due to the prevalence of major risks in these phases. Besides, some critical risk factors occurring in more than one phase of the project life cycle were identified which necessitated the primacy of handling these risk factors as a prerequisite for success of road projects in Sri Lanka. The study concludes with presenting the potential sources of the identified risk factors and the stake of each party to handle the risks. The paper would contribute to the risk management literature in other countries explicitly developing countries facing the analogous challenges.
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Applicability of earned value management as a performance measurement tool for Sri Lankan construction industry
Hettipathirana, HDAP; Karunasena, GI
This study is based on the Earned Value Management (EVM) performance measurement technique and its practice in Sri Lankan construction industry. Since the project success clearly depend on accuracy on evaluated performance measurement, EVM have emerged through various techniques, due to its higher degree of reliability, effectiveness, accuracy, and efficiency. Data collection was done through the case study research approach and cross case analysis was used for data analysis. Four cases were selected to extract the current practice of EVM and its suitability as a performance measurement for the industry. In traditional methods, physical progress is not taken into account when analysing cost performance. Instead, actual cost of a project up to date is simply compared to planned costs, often with misleading results. Therefore, as a mitigating measure, EVM can be applied for measuring a project's performance forecasting future trends and analysing variances in the schedule and budget as the project proceeds. EVM as a standard method can be considered more successful with better results in projects simple and direct with a detailed scope. As evidenced in the case study, projects with complex and incomplete final products show higher deviations in the use of the technique. The EVM suggests a cultural change in the process of projects control; therefore people who have experience in dealing with the tool are really necessary in this process. The way an organisation implements the tool, influences directly to the results. If it had an organisational support, provided by specialised resources, will have better results in terms of application.
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The Applicability of performance based employee share ownership plans for the motivation of junior management level employees in service sector organizations in Sri Lanka
Ekanayake, EMKS; Rajini, PAD; Konara, KMGK
The contribution of workforce management professionals has become increasingly important with the growing ascendancy of Human Resources Management (HRM) in its various symptoms. People having different intentions so employers can get best from their employees while providing effective benefits. Employee Share Ownership Plan (ESOP) is a form of employee financial participation that presents on the right of employees to share in the capital of the company and, right to exercise some degree of control over company affairs. Researchers‟ approaches seem to be more descriptive and confined within the limits of implementation ESOPs in difference industries. Most of them mainly, addressed ESOP concepts and the applications of ESOPs in different economic conditions. However, minimum attention has been given to the necessity of use of ESOP as a motivational tool to enhance its productivity. Thus, this study explored the applicability of performance based ESOP to the motivation of junior management level employees in organizations in Sri Lankan. This research problem was approached through case studies of three service sector organizations, which have implemented ESOP. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts and questionnaire survey was carried out during the data collection. According to the findings, only senior employees get benefits from ESOP and the used criteria for ESOP were not rational therefore, its contribution for enhancing employee performance is less.
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The Applicability of performance based employee share ownership plans for the motivation of junior management level employees in service sector organizations in Sri Lanka
Ekanayakc, EMKS; Rajini, PAD; Konara, KMGK
The contribution of workforce management professionals has become increasingly important with the growing ascendancy of Human Resources Management (HRM) in its various symptoms. People having different intentions so employers can get best from their employees while providing effective benefits. Employee Share Ownership Plan (ESOP) is a form of employee financial participation that presents on the right of employees to share in the capital of the company and, right to exercise some degree of control over company affairs. Researchers’ approaches seem to be more descriptive and confined within the limits of implementation ESOPs in difference industries. Most of them mainly, addressed ESOP concepts and the applications of ESOPs in different economic conditions. However, minimum attention has been given to the necessity of use of ESOP as a motivational tool to enhance its productivity. Thus, this study explored the applicability of performance based ESOP to the motivation of junior management level employees in organizations in Sri Lankan. This research problem was approached through case studies of three sendee sector organizations, which have implemented ESOP. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts and questionnaire survey was carried out during the data collection. According to the findings, only senior employees get benefits from ESOP and the used criteria for ESOP were not rational therefore, its contribution for enhancing employee performance is less.
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Application of building management system for sustainable built environment
Kumara, WHCD; Waidyasekara, KGAS; Weerasinghe, RPNP
Managing a built environment environment professionals. Building Management System (BMS) is dedicated recently, considering its potential capabilities towards a sustainable in a sustainable way is the biggest challenge for the built one of the solutions that have been building. BMS is a computer based system that used to monitor, coordinate, organize, and optimize building subsystems such as HVAC, lighting, security, fire/life safety, elevators, and others. The system provides various supports for the operation and maintenance functions of Lpplication of BMS building. However, the towards a sustainable built environment is still challenged in Sri Lankan context. Therefore, this paper aims to find the preliminary investigation on application of BMS towards comprehensive literature survey sustainable built environment in Sri Lanka. A was conducted to draw the linkages between sustainable dimensions and BMS functions. An opinion survey directed to attain the aim of the study. Six industrial professionals who have experience in the process of selection, operation, and maintenance of BMS were interviewed with a semi structured interview guideline. The study identified five sequence steps of BMS implementation process namely: identifying user requirement, identifying BMS features, designing, installation and commission, and operation and maintenance. Cost, lack of confidence in result, lack of knowledge and skilled person among building professionals to execute the system in sustainable was are some prevailing issues manner.
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Application of concurrency in delay claims
Baduge, S; Jayasena, HS
It was observed that the consideration of concurrency in delay claims in Sri Lankan construction industry is significantly low. A study was conducted to identify key reasons for low consideration of concurrency in delay claims analysis. A three-round study method was adopted. First was a pilot study by means of interviews to explore concurrent delay practice in Sri Lanka. Second was a round of semistructured interviews among key parties to a contract to identify significant causes affecting consideration of concurrency in delay claim analysis. Third round was a document survey aiming to identify lapses in documents which could affect successful practice of concurrent claim analysis. The study concludes that quality of documents is the most significant cause affecting the consideration of concurrency in delay claims analysis and identifies number of lapses in documents which contribute to low consideration of concurrency in delay claims. In addition to improving documentation practices, enhancing employers’ awareness on concurrency is also suggested as a necessity to improve concurrent delay analysis practice in the Sri Lankan construction industry.
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Application of green building concept to enhance indoor environmental quality in hospital buildings in Sri Lank
Dilrukshi, H; Mallawarachchi, H; Karunasena, GI
Through the number of factors, which can attract the occupants to the building, “quality” gets a predominant situate. Among the other buildings, hospitals are most important place which has to maintain quality in high standard. Hence, most of the countries are initiating various strategies to improve quality of hospitals because, it directly affects to the occupant satisfaction of the hospital. Further, hospital is mostly a public place which is extremely noisy, crowded and less indoor environment quality. It causes serious impacts on patient and staff outcomes ranging from sleep loss and elevates blood pressure among patients to emotional exhaustion and burnout among staff. Henceforth, poorly designed hospital environments pose a serious threat on building occupants. Literature findings further said that in current scenario, the majority of occupants are not satisfied with their indoor environment quality in a hospital. Nowadays, most of hospitals are following various strategies to improve quality of indoor environment. Among those strategies, green building concept becomes most prominent which is easy to adapt to improve the indoor environment quality. Moreover, green hospital design has been linked to better patient outcomes and staff retention. Even though, in past few years many newly constructed and renovated buildings moved towards green, buildings in hospital sector in Sri Lanka has not much familiar with the green building concept. Therefore, this study is mainly focused on presenting the importance of applying green building concept in hospital buildings to improve indoor environmental quality. Two case studies consisting private and public hospitals were conducted to collect the data. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted who have caught up in operational and maintenance management process of selected hospitals. As revealed by research findings, there was no special attention to enhance indoor environment quality in Sri Lankan hospitals especially in public sector. Therefore, several issues were identified comply with the indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustic comfort, visual comfort and spatial comfort. Indoor Air quality is one of the major challenges faced by many hospital buildings as it creates several issues within hospital environment. Accordingly, probable green strategies were proposed to overcome identified indoor environment quality issues in hospital buildings to facilitate high quality indoor environment for building occupants in hospital buildings in Sri Lanka.
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Application of modular coordination concept in construction industry : case of material management process
(2016-07-25) Waidyasekara, KGAS; Elegoda, NL
The construction industry plays a major role in country's economic growth. Providing efficient service and quality output are the major challenges that are often faced by the industry. Unnecessary cost and wastage always occur while handling construction projects. It was identified off- cuts from cutting materials and other design considerations are the main causes of waste generation. Modular Coordination (MC) is found to be an essential concept in minimum on-site modification and materials wastage. The objectives of this research were to investigate the existing practice of the use of MC, its benefits, implications and application in the material management process in terms of building industry. The objectives were comprehended by a comprehensive literature search, questionnaire survey and semi structured interviews among architects and contractors. Severity Index technique and Kendall's Concordance test methods were used to analyze the questionnaire. The results revealed that the application of MC is very poor in local construction industry and it is not up to the required standard. Glass and tiles are identified as the most suitable materials for applying MC. Though, there are different perceptions, the results suggested, MC facilitates sustainable benefits towards waste minimization and increases efficiency of productivity in the construction industry. Further, it would be more successful through a good collaboration among each party including manufacturers/suppliers
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Application of passive solar building design techniques in apparel buildings
(2016-07-25) Waidyasekara, KGAS; Neydorff, SC; Thurairajah, N
The green building concept has been successfully adopted by many countries in their construction to save energy, protect environment, and recycle the materials. Green building design minimizes the negative human impacts on the natural resources. Passive solar building design is one of the subcategories of the green building concept. Execution of the concept of passive solar building design in the tropical countries has a greater potential to reduce national as well as world's fossil fuel consumption. The research shows, apparel industry is one of the major sectors which uses more energy for the production, thermal and visual comfort of employees during the operation as well as for the maintenance purposes. Hence, the energy cost has become a significant issue in many countries including Sri Lanka. The main aim of this research is to identify and analyze the concept of passive solar building design as an energy conservation method for apparel buildings in Sri Lanka. A literature synthesis is carried out on energy conservation methods, design techniques and systems of passive solar building design under the green building concept. Suitability and application of passive solar techniques within Sri Lankan context is identified through the questionnaire survey among the industry experts. The survey found that current usage of passive solar systems in apparel sector is very low. Passive cooling and day lighting systems were identified as suitable techniques to Sri Lanka as a tropical country. Moreover, research findings provide valuable information about buildings based on environmental design tactics, which promote sustainable construction.
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Application of supply chain management in building construction process
Karunasena, GI; Sanjeewa, BVP
As Supply Chain Management (SCM) concepts originated in the manufacturing industry, application of those concepts in construction is a challenging task. Although there are some implications of SCM in manufacturing and apparel industries, it is not sufficiently visible in the construction industry in Sri Lanka. Thus, this study aims to identify critical success factors affecting construction supply chains by implementing the concepts of SCM. A questionnaire survey was carried out among experts in the construction industry to formulate critical success factors. Thereafter, case study approach was used to evaluate formulated critical success factors in real time projects to identify strengths and weaknesses. It established fewer activities - greater effect, activity rotation and controlling, strategic management, managing inputs, information communication technology supported decision making and organizational behavior as critical success factors which need to be addressed in managing supply chain operations. Case study revealed that critical success factors are highly complementary and joint use of these factors provide a comprehensive view on how construction project supply chains can be optimized.
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Arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution method in the construction industry of Sri Lanka
Abeynayake, MDTE; Weddikkara, C; Construction Industry; Dispute Resolution.
The construction industry in Sri Lanka covers a complex and comprehensive field of activities. Disputes might arise at any point during the construction process. Dispute resolution systems are changed with the interaction of the parties. Arbitration is a voluntary procedure available as an alternative resolution to litigation, however not enforceable as the means of settling disputes except where the parties have entered into an arbitration agreement. Construction claims tend to be of the most technical nature - intensive and multifaceted than most other commercial disputes. The desirable features of arbitration are fast, inexpensive, fair, simple, flexibility, confidentiality, minimum delay. Sri Lanka Arbitration Act No. 11 of 1995 stated arbitration principles and UNCITRAL Model Law. However, there is a necessity to reviewing and improving of the arbitration practice periodically in order to minimise the cost and complexity of the procedure. This research is ultimately aims to assess significant attributes of arbitration in construction industry of Sri Lanka. This paper reports on findings gained from the literature review and preliminary survey conducted to explore the current status of arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution method in Sri Lankan construction industry. Current findings indicate that the construction professionals have minimum level of satisfaction on the current arbitration practice; however, they believe that arbitration is an effective mechanism for dispute resolution. The results of this study enabled to gain an understanding on the current arbitration practice and its significance and offer suggestions to improve s in the Sri Lankan construction industry.
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Architecture of Fear’: An Analytical Investigation on ‘Negative Impression’ in Architectural Design Articulated by ‘Integrated Spatial and Space-Related Aspects’
(2015-10-02) Dayasagara, N; Botejue, P; Dharmatilleke, S
Architecture of fortification; iron bars and iron spikes, cinder blocks and barking dogs, razor ribbon wires, glass spines and security alarms- The city has been armed with apparent evidences all over the city. The built fabric has been transformed into an ideal representation of ‘contemporary fears’ of citizens. Often people scare to use lifts, narrow walkways, rear staircases, darken basements, high roof tops or largely open public places. In such places they fear being murdered, abused, abducted, or stabbed. The investigation primarily measures the ‘required sense of safety’ in an urban public realm with respect to the architectural design principals, spatial and space related aspects. The four case studies of the research will be focused on ‘public buildings’ filling the ‘research gap’ within the field of study existed between two main levels of ‘city fabric’ and ‘individual dwelling’. The research outcome reveals the ‘controlling power’ of ‘fear in space’ that has influenced user psychology and behavior accordingly, including 21 integrated architectural aspects behind the cause. Concurrently, the investigation emphasizes possible design interventions to diminish such negative impressions composing ‘positive motives’ which supports public cohesiveness, interaction and free movements in built-sphere in which architectural design becomes a ‘tool’ in order to manipulate ‘sense of safety’.
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Art, Cities and Social Enterprise
(2015-10-02) McQuilten, G
This paper explores the potential role of art-based social enterprises in contributing to sustainable urban development. It considers the examples of two social enterprises on opposite sides of the globe, and with contrasting relations to the “urban”; the Pacific Women’s Weaving Circle in the heart of inner-city Melbourne, Australia and Dzidefo Women’s Cooperative which traverses the rural context of Kpando, Ghana, with urban markets in Africa and the USA. Both enterprises use the vehicle of art to create opportunities for communities facing economic and social hardship. This paper approaches the field of social enterprise with a cross-disciplinary perspective that combines empirical, art historical and cultural studies methodologies to provide a deeper and more nuanced understanding of how communities manage the complexities of simultaneously pursuing economic, artistic and social development goals. At the point of rapid growth in this field, it considers the conditions for success, and potential risks, of art-based social enterprises in different geographic and urban contexts internationally.
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Ascertaining the sense of safety in urban neighborhood streets : the case of Kotahena, Sri Lanka
Karunananda, S; Rajapakse, A; Rathnayaka, R
Streets are primary elements through which the character of urban neighborhoods are experienced and expressed. The “sense of safety” in neighborhood streets is paramount to social and psychological wellbeing of its residents and visitors. The intention of this study was to explore environmental and social cues of a neighborhood, which evoke fear of crime, which will help designers to prevent the generation of such negative feelings and promote more safe and comfortable spaces in our cities. This study used interviews, group discussions and observations to identify fear-generating factors with a sample of participants in the multi ethnic neighborhood of Kotahena in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Field data was analyzed through visual documentation and photographic surveys. Moreover, group discussions, interviews and personal observations were used to synergize the study objectives. The findings inform that fear of crime on streets is influenced by both environmental and social cues to varying degrees. Feelings of fear were associated with gender, ethnicity and less familiarity with the place as participants were from an ethnic minority within the community. Literature has emphasized that fear of crime has a connection to actual crime locations. The research findings, however, indicate that fear of crime spots identified by the residents do not have a direct relationship to the actual crime locations.
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Automation of BIM quantity take-off to suit QS’s requirements
Wijayakumar, M; Jayasena, HS
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a thriving technology which laid potential to address problems in conventional practices based on Computer-Aided Design (CAD) drawings. Sustainability and complexity of today’s buildings are insist BIM technology and associated processes to develop for project delivery through sustainable procurement systems. Quantity Take-Off (QTO) is vitally important task in any building project since measurement practice applied to buildings has to be both accurate and consistent for auditing a building project from many different perspectives. However conventional QTO methods are tedious and error-prone. Major portion of Quantity Surveyor’s time is spent for QTO. BIM QTO tools are task specific software applications delivering great promise to automate the extraction of quantities from BIM models. Visual building QTO improves productivity and accuracy that leads to sustainable QS practices. The time saving offered by these technologies will allow the Quantity Surveyor to focus more on other value adding services. However the automated outputs must suit the Quantity Surveyors’ requirements in order to be effectively useful. Otherwise, the reliance on such technologies could result in such consequences, deviate from sustainability. This research is focused on “How far BIM QTO tools can automate QTO to suit QS’s requirements?” The findings will contribute to the knowledge by establishing the status contribution of BIM for QTO being a primary function of Quantity Surveying within the overall sustainable procurement systems anticipated for the building industry.
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Better values and characteristics in relationally integrated value networks to enhance total asset management
De Silva, END; Ranadewa, KATO; Kumaraswamy, M; Ranasinghe, KAMK
Construction contract types span a wide spectrum ranging from traditional contracting to relational contracting modes. Although weak collaborative supply chain networks exist even in widely practiced traditional contract modes, the potentially beneficial strong goals among stakeholders. Apart from addressing this relational forces remain untapped and'or fragmented, lacking well-defined common shortfall in the built asset planning, design and construction (project management) phase, relational contracts (RC) can also be extended to total asset management (JAM) by aiming at the relational integration of all stakeholders throughout the built asset lifecycle, by engaging them in cross linked value networks'. Such integrated networks were called 'relationally integrated value networks' (RIVANS) when initially proposed for the project management phase. 'RIVANS for TAM' were next proposed to provide a holistic approach to bridge the project management phase and the asset agement phase in the lifecycle of assets. The study reported in this paper, contributes to knowledge by identifying better values through adapting RIVANS as a holistic beneficial approach to the whole built environment. A questionnaire survey was conducted to identify common better values in RIVANS. These identified better values were then clustered to form similar groups using factor analysis to establish synergetic characteristics of RIVANS. Four characteristics were extracted to identify and target embedded synergies in RIVANS, for enhanced total asset management.
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Building post occupancy evaluation frame work
(2016-09-20) Konara, KMGK; Sandanayake, YG
Buildings facilitate organizational performance by creating a comfortable and stable internal environment for the occupants. Traditionally, micro level criteria have been used by the building professionals in understanding how well a building is satisfying user or functional requirements. However ever increasing expectations and requirements of building occupiers and owners for cost effective and value added facilities have lead the global industries towards the concept of total building performance. Among the variety of Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) techniques available in the industry, the application of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) has been justified throughout the research as a successful BPE technique. However, lacking a generic framework in order to carry out a POE has prevented gaining optimum benefits of POE. Thus, this paper presents a generic framework for POE using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) tool to fill this research gap. Questionnaire survey approach was used to identify BPE criteria and building performance indicators, and to develop the conceptual and generic POE frameworks. Major survey findings revealed that internal environmental comfort as the most important criterion and three times more important than energy performance and sustainability parameters which obtained least importance level. Visual comfort and indoor environmental quality indicators were most significant building performance indicators in evaluating the building performance using POE. POE conducted in a systematic way using the developed framework will allow fine-tuning a facility and the lessons learned from the failures and successes of BP can applied to the design of future buildings.
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Building project performance evaluation model
(2016-09-21) Wadugodapitiya, RRMMK; Sandanayake, YG; Thurairajah, N
Building project performance evaluation is a novel research interest in performance measurement (PM) and it is the process of quantifying the efficiency and effectiveness of construction activities. The traditional view of PM highly relies on financial and accounting data, which gives only the past performance. Moreover, the construction industry has been always criticized for its under performance due to its uniqueness in nature. According to past researchers, there is lack of an appropriate PM system to improve construction performance. There is therefore a necessity for multi-dimensional approach to measure the building construction project performance. Past literature reveals that both balanced scorecard (BSC) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) tools have been used in manufacturing industry for performance evaluation. This study therefore developed a multidimensional performance measurement model for building construction project performance evaluation by integrating BSC and AHP tools. Comprehensive literature review and preliminary survey approach were used to develop a novel extended BSC model, which comprises with six perspectives namely, Client, Financial, Internal business processes, Project team, Health, safety and environmental, and Innovation, learning and growth. Extended BSC model further comprises with key building project performance indicators (KBPPIs) in each perspective. Structured questionnaire survey was then conducted to collect data and AHP tool was used to analyze and prioritize BSC perspectives and KBPPIs. Survey findings revealed that client and financial perspectives have relatively two times higher important level than other perspectives in the model while, three times important than innovation, learning and growth perspective. In conclusion, this novel multi-dimensional performance measurement model can be duly applied by construction industry practitioners to optimize building performance.

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