International Conference on Research for Transport and Logistics Industry

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Analysing the interaction between driver and pedestrian at unsignalized crosswalks
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Kumari, H.M.N.S.; Thathsara, I.P.W.N.; Wickramasinghe, W.M.V.S.K.; Gunaruwan, T. L.
This study aims to improve pedestrian safety at unsignalized crosswalks by analyzing driver-yielding behaviour. Data from two-lane, two-way divided roads was used to capture vehicle trajectories and pedestrian characteristics. Driver-yielding patterns were determined using TRACKER Software and the factors that influence drivers’ yielding willingness were determined using logistic regression models. The study found that yielding likelihood is influenced by factors such as female pedestrians, median pedestrians, injured pedestrians, and vehicle position. Further revealed that most vehicle types yield similarly, with a decreasing average rate, and no significant difference was observed among the six vehicle types considered. This research provides insights into key factors affecting pedestrian safety at unsignalized crosswalks, guiding targeted interventions and traffic management strategies.
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Analysis of factors affecting vessel turnaround time at bulk terminal in port of Trincomalee
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Silva, K; Sigera, I; Gunaruwan, T. L.
Efficient vessel turnaround time is pivotal for optimizing port operations and enhancing competitiveness. This study investigates factors affecting vessel turnaround time at the bulk terminal in the Port of Trincomalee. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, quantitative laytime calculation data and qualitative expert surveys were employed to develop a comprehensive process map and identify bottlenecks in the turnaround process. Quantitative analysis revealed insights into the time consumption for each activity, facilitating the development of a detailed process map. Qualitative data provided expert perspectives on operational challenges, corroborating quantitative findings and enhancing the accuracy of bottleneck identification. By integrating quantitative and qualitative findings, specific bottlenecks were pinpointed, paving the way for targeted interventions to improve operational efficiency. This research contributes to the optimization of vessel turnaround processes at the bulk terminal, thereby fostering competitiveness and sustainability in port operations.
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Analysis of factors considered by shipping lines in initiating new container liner services
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Madushani, P; Sigera, I; Gunaruwan, T. L.
The global maritime transport sector is a vital component that acts a key role in facilitating international trade, ensuring the reliable and efficient transportation of cargo all over the world. The level of competition in this industry is extremely high, and shipping companies are always observing ways to improve their networks by either modifying existing networks or building new networks. To achieve this, shipping lines make strategic decisions about initiation of new container liner services. This research examines the key factors considered by shipping lines when launching these services, aiming to shed light on their decision- making process and recognize potential future trends in container liner shipping. Secondary data synthesis and expert interviews were done to identify the factors that shipping lines consider when initiating new container liner services. Then Analytical Hierarchical Process was used to evaluate the relative importance of those identified factors. Demand-side factors, supply-side factors and services specific factors were the main three criteria, and 13 sub criteria were categorized under these three. Data for the AHP analysis was gathered through a questionnaire survey with industry professionals and pairwise comparisons were done within all the main criteria as well as sub criteria using a 9-point semantic differential scale. Results show that demand-side factors are the most influential factors when initiating new container liner services and main two sub criteria are trade volume and growth, customer requirements. By understanding these priorities, stakeholders can develop services that are not only commercially successful but also minimize environmental impact, optimize resource allocation, and promote social responsibility within the industry.
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Analyzing the necessity of adaptive traffic control systems (ATCS) in Sri Lanka
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Samarasinghe, N; Amarasingha, N; Withana, S; Gunaruwan, T. L.
Traffic congestion emerges as a significant concern, further amplified by the increasing population and urbanization rates. The rise in vehicular and pedestrian traffic contributes significantly to traffic congestion, exacerbating issues related to mobility, sustainability, and environmental health. Implementing effective traffic management strategies is critical for mitigating these challenges. The objective of this study is to enhance the performance of existing Traffic Control Systems and to analyze the coordination of junctions using micro stimulation software. Using this microsimulation software, it is possible to analyze traffic video footage from the junction under study and extract important traffic flow data for analysis. Despite the availability of numerous studies, a significant gap remains in effectively using simulation models to address congestion issues in Sri Lanka. This study seeks to close this gap by investigating the most effective use of microsimulation software for traffic management in Sri Lanka.
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A Bus route-efficiency analysis using stochastic frontier model
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Wijesinghe, N; Mudunna, R.; Herath, D; Wickramasinghe, V.; Gunaruwan, T. L.
This research analyzes the efficiency of bus routes in Kandy, Sri Lanka, utilizing a Stochastic Frontier Model (SFM). The primary objective is to identify inefficiencies and provide recommendations for optimizing bus operations. The data collection was done through collecting relevant documents maintained at bus depots. These documents included records of revenue, number of buses, distance covered, fare structure, load factors, route length, and bus capacities. The analysis reveals that over 60% of routes cluster around a moderate efficiency range, indicating potential for improvement. Notably, a significant number of routes (potentially 24 or more) achieve efficiency scores exceeding 90%, serving as exemplars of efficiency. Conversely, some routes score as low as 10%, necessitating further investigation to address inefficiencies. The SFM results, with an R-squared value of 0.84, indicate the model explains approximately 84% of the variation in revenue per kilometer. Key recommendations include optimizing bus schedules to increase load factors, adjusting trip lengths to balance operational costs and passenger demand, and re-evaluating bus allocations to ensure resource efficiency. These findings provide actionable insights for enhancing the efficiency of bus routes in Kandy, contributing to improved public transportation services and resource allocation.
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Commuters' willingness to pay for comfort level improvement of public bus transport service in Kandy
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Herath, P.M.G.D.M.; Wickramasinghe, V.; Dharmarathna, W.R.S.S.; Edirisinghe, A.G.H.J.; Gunaruwan, T. L.
Due to higher travel time, higher waiting time, and low comfort level in public transportation modes, commuters have being shifting to private transport modes causing an increase in traffic congestion, accidents, and environmental issues. Therefore, improving the comfortability of the public bus transport system is very important since it is one of the key factors affecting the mode choice of commuters. This study is set to identify the Willingness to Pay (WTP) ability of commuters for an improved comfortable bus service. The data for the study was collected through a questionnaire survey in Kandy, which is the second busiest city in Sri Lanka. Binary Logistic Regression was used to identify the factors affecting the WTP of the commuters and the WTP value. According to the results, it was identified that the frequency of bus usage is a significant factor which affects the WTP of a commuter. Furthermore, it has been identified that a daily commuter is willing to pay 1.5 times the bus fare while the rare users and private vehicle users are willing to pay about 2 times the current bus fare for a comfortable bus service.
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A Comparative analysis of proximity to urban services in medium towns in Sri Lanka
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Jayarathna, N.; Mahanama, P.K.S.; Jayasinghe, A.; Gunaruwan, T. L.
This research presents a comparative analysis of service proximity in medium-sized towns in Sri Lanka, addressing urbanization's impact on livability and sustainability. By examining service points of interest (POIs) and their distribution within distance-based isochrones, the study evaluates the adequacy of facilities in meeting daily needs. A novel methodology using a facility-to-population ratio and a gravity indicator is proposed to assess service reachability. Findings highlight deficiencies in facility quantity and irregular population dispersion, suggesting an imbalance in facility-to-population support. This approach aids urban planners in developing strategies for sustainable urban environments.
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Efficiency and safety in cold storage stocktaking: UAV integration and routing strategies
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Wickramasinghe, T.; Thibbotuwawa, A.; Gunaruwan, T. L.
Stock take refers to the process of physically verifying the amounts and conditions of all commodities present in the warehouse. Instead of conducting this task on an annual basis, it would be more effective to perform it on a monthly basis. Workers in a cold storage warehouse face hazards throughout the stock-taking process, such as being exposed to low temperatures and working in elevated areas with ladders and heavy gear. Hence, conducting stocktaking operations using UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) can effectively reduce these risks and enhance the operational effectiveness of the facility. The objective of this study is to identify an effective approach for stocktaking in cold storage using UAVs and creating an efficient routing system for the selected UAV system. UAV with a UGV selected as the UAV system and the routing algorithm is 25.6% efficient compared to traditional system.
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Emission standards’ impact on shipping lines’ cost in containerized freight transport: a critical review
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Gunaratne, N; Sigera, I; Gunaruwan, T. L.
The maritime sector has been under increasing pressure due to strict environmental regulations. Shipping companies face difficulties in meeting emission standards while keeping operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness at desired levels. This study looks into the approaches taken by shipping companies to meet emission standards and evaluates how they affect operational expenses. This study utilized a critical review method to examine previous research on adherence to emission standards in the maritime sector. The database Scopus was used for the literature search. The initial Scopus search yielded 174 documents in the search results. After systematically filtering out 174 papers, 49 peer-reviewed journals were reviewed. The method of inductive reasoning was used to group papers according to themes. Through qualitative data analysis tools, insights were extracted to understand the strategies employed by shipping lines and their cost implications. The study revealed a range of strategies adopted by shipping lines, including fuel switching, engine optimization, and route optimization, with varying impacts on operational costs which can be categorized into three main themes; (1) Operational measures (2) Environmental technologies and (3) Fleet management techniques. Emerging trends and innovative approaches in emissions reduction and cost management were identified, contributing to a broader understanding of sustainable practices in the maritime industry.
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Enhancing bulk cargo unloading efficiency through AI: fuzzy logic application
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Kandamby, T; Sugathadasa, P.T.R.S.; Weerasinghe, B.A; Gunaruwan, T. L.
The efficiency of bulk cargo vessel unloading processes is a pivotal determinant of the overall economic and logistical performance of maritime transport systems. The optimization of these processes directly influences the throughput of shipping operations and the effective use of port infrastructure. Traditional unloading methodologies, which heavily rely on manual coordination and static operational protocols, often struggle to meet the dynamic demands of modern maritime trade. This study develops and assesses an artificial intelligence (AI) and fuzzy logic-based model to optimize bulk cargo unloading for Handymax Carriers, which are equipped with 5 hatches and 4 cranes. Traditional manual methods present inefficiencies that this technology aims to mitigate by improving crane allocation and adapting dynamically to operational conditions. The research demonstrates that the AI-enhanced approach significantly reduces unloading times and operational costs, showcasing substantial improvements over conventional strategies. Through a series of simulations, complemented by real-world application and testing, this research illustrates the capabilities and benefits of AI-human collaboration in maritime logistics. The findings suggest that the integration of AI can significantly boost operational efficiency, improve safety outcomes by reducing human error, and enhance the overall allocation of resources. This approach not only contributes to the technological advancement in the field of maritime logistics but also sets a foundation for future developments in intelligent transport systems where human expertise and AI solutions are intertwined for superior performance and decision-making.
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Gender differences in commute travel behavior of middle-aged parents (30-45 years) 2023
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Gamage, P.B; Amarasingha, N.; Fernando, S; Gunaruwan, T. L.
This study focusses the gender disparities on commute travel behavior among middle-aged parents (aged 30-45) living in Colombo District, Sri Lanka. The study's goal is to better understand the different travel patterns, mode preferences, and factors that influence commute decisions among men and women in this demographic group. A questionnaire survey was used to collect data, with the focus being on mode choice and variables influencing commute decisions. The data analysis found considerable differences in commute travel behavior between genders, which has implications for transportation planning and gender equity. The findings underline the importance of specific interventions to address the unique issues that middle-aged parents confront, particularly in terms of fostering more fair and efficient commuting experiences. This study adds to the creation of strategies for improving transportation infrastructure and promoting gender equality in the Colombo District's urban mobility landscape by shining light on gender variations in commute travel behavior and will further provide valuable data and information to the transportation infrastructure.
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The Impact of crash barriers on driver behavior in curved roads, Sri Lanka
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Senevirathnaa, H.; Seneviratnea, N.; Wickramasingheb, V; Gunaruwan, T. L.
Traffic accidents represent a significant public health concern, incurring substantial costs. While crash barriers can mitigate accidents and reduce their severity, research on their impact on driver behaviour, especially on gentle curves of single-carriageway, and two-lane roads, is lacking. This study addresses this gap in road safety knowledge by investigating how crash barriers influence speed and vehicle lateral displacement. A flat Class "AB" road with two consecutive mild curves, one featuring a barrier and the other without, was selected for comparison, ensuring similar visual cues for drivers. Data collection involved drones to measure speed and lateral displacement at the beginning, middle, and end of the curves. Statistical t-tests compared speeds and lateral displacements between curves with and without barriers, revealing significant differences (p < 0.05). Subsequent multivariate linear regression explored crash barrier effects on driver behaviour across various vehicle categories, considering different entering speeds, road conditions (wet and dry), and opposite-lane traffic conditions. The regression model indicated that road and opposite lane conditions did not significantly affect speeds and vehicle lateral positions. Instead, middle and exit speeds depended on entering speed and the presence of crash barriers. Vehicle speed at the middle and entry of curves decreased with crash barriers, suggesting an increased perception of safety. The analysis showed that vehicles tended to approach the centerline more in curves with crash barriers, especially heavier vehicles, increasing the risk of head-to-head accidents. Recommendations include widening lanes near crash barrier areas, with modelling providing insights into the necessary additional width.
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Impact of technology on efficiency of transport component in supply chain
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Deivendra, H; Jayasuriya, K; Gunaruwan, T. L.
In today's hyper-connected and rapidly evolving business landscape, the efficiency of the transport component within the supply chain plays a pivotal role in driving organizations towards success and competitiveness. The study evaluates the trans-formative impact of technology on the efficiency of the transport component in the supply chain, emphasizing its critical role within organizations. By integrating advanced technologies such as GPS tracking, Transport Management Systems, and real-time analytics, companies have achieved significant improvements in streamlining of transport processes. Through a comprehensive analysis of data collected from Third Party Logistics companies, the research highlights the significant improvements in route optimization, on-time deliveries and transit times at post-technology integration. Analysis of data from 20 3PL companies revealed that 70% of these companies use multiple technologies, leading to a mean reduction of 6.55 km for every 100 trip kms in post-implementation time period. Additionally, on-time deliveries improved by 9.55%, and transit times decreased by 0.4 days on average, both showing statistically significant enhancements (p < 0.05). These findings underscore the vital role of technology in driving transport component efficiency and performance within the supply chain landscape.
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Impacts of national level fuel supply shortages: case study based on recent fuel shortages in Sri Lanka
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Senarath, I; Samarasekara, GN; Gunaruwan, T. L.
The impacts of fuel supply shortages at the national level can have far-reaching consequences on many aspects of society. One critical area that is affected is mobility, which is essential for everyday life, commerce, and economic growth. The research aims to Identify the impacts of national-level fuel supply shortages with reference to Case study based on fuel shortages in Sri Lanka in 2021 to 2022. The study collect data from both transport service providers and transport service users’ perspectives, using literature review (Published materials on fuel shortage), interviews and questionnaire surveys to gather information. The findings of this research will have important implications for policymakers and stakeholders in the transportation sector. The research will provide insights into the potential effects of fuel supply disruptions on travel demand and overall country and it will help to mitigate their impact
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Integrated quay crane assignment and scheduling problem under uncertainty: a reactive approach
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Wijesooriya, D; Weerasinghe, B. A.; Perera, H. N.; Gunaruwan, T. L.
This study examines the integrated quay crane assignment and scheduling problem (QCASP) under uncertainty at container terminals. First, a mixed integer linear programming model is formulated to optimally assign and schedule quay cranes to multiple vessels simultaneously. The model derives a baseline schedule that minimises the cost of waiting and departure delays of vessels. However, different disruptions; delays in vessel arrivals and quay crane breakdowns may occur when implementing the baseline schedule. Therefore, a reactive strategy is formulated to generate a reactive reschedule that minimises delays from the baseline schedule when a disruption occurs. The reactive strategy takes the baseline schedule as a reference and derives the reactive schedule by rescheduling only quay cranes. Finally, the accuracy of the model is tested by running small-size problem instances.
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Investigating the impact of speed hump heights on vehicle speed reduction
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Wijesundara, H; Hunukumbura, W; Wickramasinghe, V.; Gunaruwan, T. L.
This study investigates the impact of the height of speed humps on vehicular speed reduction, focusing on two common heights of 50mm and 75mm. Drones were used to capture the motion of vehicles prior and after passing the speed humps. Those surveys were performed in August 2023 in two straight road sections in Kurunagala, Sri Lanka. Tracking software was used to extract the speed trajectories from which speed of each vehicle at 5-meter intervals up to 70 meters before and after the speed hump were obtained. The study encompassed five vehicle categories. Analysis revealed a consistent reduction in vehicle speeds across all vehicle categories in response to height of speed humps. Two-sample t-test conducted for each vehicle category indicate statistically significant differences in speed reduction between the 50mm and 75mm hump heights, with p-values ranging from 0.023 to 0.037 well below the standard significance level of 0.05 for Three-wheelers, Cars, Small vehicles, and Heavy vehicles, respectively. However, Motorbikes exhibited a p-value of 0.286, indicating there is no statistically significant difference in speed reduction based on hump height. These findings provide a valuable foundation for evidence-based decision-making in urban road infrastructure development and maintenance, ultimately fostering safer and more comfortable transportation systems.
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An Investigation of the relationship between road types and spatial patterns in the distribution of commercial activities in Kottawa, Sri Lanka
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Siriwardana, H; Amarawickrama, S.A.L.; Gunaruwan, T. L.
The transportation network profoundly influences the location of commercial activities. The study aims to identify the spatial distribution of commercial activities in the Sri Lankan context. This study examines which road types (A, B, C, D & E class) correlate with specific commercial activities and how commercial activities are distributed in Sri Lanka. Kottawa, a Sri Lankan transportation hub, was the case study. Point of interest (POI) (Big Data) and road network data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results show that A class roads show significant correlations with auto services (0.810), food and catering (0.707), medicine and healthcare (0.814), textile (0.226), and recreation activities (0.715). B class roads are correlated with finance (0.266) and retail activities (0.281). Recreation activities correlate positively with C class roads but negatively with auto services. Food and catering correlate positively with D and E class roads but negatively with recreation. Urban planners and policymakers can use these findings to guide the organic growth of commercial hubs.
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Optimizing quayside truck allocation: expert system for automating discharging operations planning
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) De Silva, V.; Weerasinghe, B. A.; Perera, H. N.; Gunaruwan, T. L.
This research investigates optimizing discharging truck allocation at container terminals, crucial hubs in global maritime logistics, by using a fuzzy logic approach to enhance container movements from ship to shore. Traditionally managed manually by ground handling staff, the truck allocation process is automated in this model to address the complexities of quayside operations. This study proposes a model that adapts to operational variables, reducing bottlenecks and increasing terminal throughput. By employing fuzzy logic for its adaptability and interpretability, the research provides a computational methodology suitable for complex quayside operations, involving fuzzification, inference, and defuzzification to transform raw data into actionable insights. Data were collected from two container terminals at a leading South Asian port, ranked among the top 30 global ports. The study used the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox in MATLAB and Python to effectively integrate a rule-based structure. The findings highlight the critical role of discharging truck allocation in enhancing terminal efficiency and operational integration, with the model demonstrating compatibility with the Terminal Operating System (TOS). Future research should focus on more dynamic and integrated operational planning systems to further improve efficiency in container terminal operations.
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Post encroachment time (pet) to estimate crash risk of right-turn vehicles entering two-way two lane divided highways
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Wijekoon, L.; Samarakoon, T.; Wickramasinghe, V.; Gunaruwan, T. L.
When a minor road vehicle enters a multi-lane highway with a right turn, higher number of conflict points are created due to the complexity of the vehicle trajectories. Right turn vehicle entering a two-lane two-way divided highway from a minor road, therefore created four conflict points including 3 crossing conflict points and one merging conflict point. This research study focuses on minimizing the imposed Crash Risk due to a right-turn vehicle entering from a minor road to a two-lane two-way divided highway at an unsignalized T-intersection. Crash Risk is defined using Post Encroachment Time (PET). Data obtained from CCTV recordings were extracted using a tracker software to find PET related to each conflict. PET data was represented as percentage cumulative frequency graphs, and thereby estimated the percentile PET values. 15th percentile cumulative frequency of conflicts are at 2.4s, 1.4s, 3.0s and 6.0s of PET values in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th lanes respectively. Out of 4 lanes based on 15th percentile PET value, 2nd lane seems to be the most critical lane.
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Profiling Sri Lankan cyclists using cluster analysis
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2024) Jayasena, P.; Samarasekara, G.N.; Udayanga, S.; Kankanamge, C.E.; Gunaruwan, T. L.
Cycling is recognized as a sustainable and healthy mode of transportation. Cycling has been declining over the years in Sri Lanka. Understanding the cycling behaviours is important to encourage cycling. This study analyzes information regarding cyclists, which are purposes of cycling, frequency of cycling for the particular purpose and the approximate cycling distance per trip. The results obtained from the Two-Step Cluster method resulted in two clusters leading to two cyclists’ profiles. The largest cluster is shopping oriented, which consists of individuals using cycling on several days a week for shopping purposes and also recreation and getting to or from public transport stops purposes mostly. The smallest cluster consists of commuter cyclists who are daily cycling users for the purposes of getting to and from school/ university and work. The findings can be informed to transportation authorities in developing interventions and enhance cycling infrastructure, focusing the obtained cycling profiles to promote sustainable transportation systems in Sri Lanka.