International Conference on Research for Transport and Logistics Industry

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Analysis of geopolitical and economic threats to the Port of Colombo
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Gunawardana, JRNT; Edirisinghe, L; Gunaruwan, TL
The port of Colombo is the main seaport in Sri Lanka which operates as a transhipment hub in South Asia. However, the various scenarios that have been favourable to the port of Colombo to date, not remain the same. Identifying the geopolitical and economic threats to the port of Colombo is vital to safeguard and plan its future. The general objective of this study is to identify geopolitical and economic threats to the Port of Colombo. Twenty-six variables were identified as threats to the port of Colombo and their impacts discussed through a literature survey. Explorative factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to get the result. Among twenty-six variables, twenty-three remain threats to the port. Results show three dimensions of threats : “Threats from operational aspects”, “Threats from policy-making decisions”, and “Threats associated with the Future”. Finally, the study concludes that, with rising geopolitical and economic threats, port of Colombo may not raise Sri Lanka into a logistic hub in 2025.
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A comparative study of traffic flow models: a case study in Colombo, Sri Lanka
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Karunathilake, A; Perera, P; Herath, O; Sivakumar, T; Kumarage, A; Gunaruwan, TL
The hassle-free travelling environment is one critical factor that will make any city attractive to its residents and visitors. However, Colombo, the commercial capital of Sri Lanka, faces massive traffic problems. Therefore, recalibrating and revalidating traffic model parameters are essential to better predict Colombo traffic characteristics for better transport planning and operation. The attribute values estimated for Sri Lanka from previous studies have become outdated. Moreover, no comparison of traffic flow models has been conducted based on current or recent Sri Lankan vehicle mix or road designs. Further, finding models developed to derive traffic flow variables on different road sections are hard to find. Hence, this study fulfils the above gap by estimating new attribute values using R software for different road sections in the Colombo District using Greenshields, Greenberg, Underwood models and their extended modifications.
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Empirical study of covid-19’s influence on travel behavior in Sri Lanka
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Jayasinghe, A; Gunawardana, A; Gunaruwan, TL
The objective of this study is to explore the impact of COVID-19 on travel behavior (TB) including mode choice, travel frequency and travel distance) in Sri Lanka (SL). Further, the study investigates changes in TB in terms of socio-economic characteristics of travelers. The data were collected from online surveys (N=496). Descriptive statistics, boxplot charts, Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were applied to analysis. The study found a remarkable reduction in travel frequency, distance, and public transport mode share during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, results indicated that social-economic factors such as age, income, vehicle ownership, and type of job significantly influenced those changes. Furthermore, results indicated that travel behavior changes due to COVID-19 have been significantly influenced by socio-economic characteristics of travelers and their level of protection motivation in three stages of the pandemic first wave (Before March 2020), after first wave (March-May, May-September) and second wave (September-Today onwards). The findings of this study will make a significant contribution to the transport planning and management in general, and especially in SL, during the pandemic and/or new‐normal situation. The key findings of the study can be incorporated to solve. possible transport concerns in a new‐normal situation and any future pandemic situation.
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Factors influencing the implementation of green supply chain management practices in a supermarket: a Sri Lankan case
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Sugathadasa, PTRS; Hewage, HC; Perera, HN; Dharmarathna, D; Gunaruwan, TL
Green Supply Chain Management has emerged as one of the key industry trends in the supermarket sector. Adoption of Green Supply Chain Management in supermarkets is a challenging process that should be implemented along with many stakeholders such as manufacturers, suppliers, and customers. This study analyses the key influential factors for the implementation of Green Supply Chain Management practices in supermarkets. This study was carried out focusing on a leading supermarket chain in Sri Lanka. First, an extensive review of literature, and unstructured interviews with industry personnel were conducted to identify the key influential factors. Then, a questionnaire was distributed among the industry practitioners to rank the identified factors based on a Likert scale. Finally, this study shows seven key factors to consider when implementing Green Supply Chain practices in supermarkets.
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Introduction of two-way center turn lane in Sri Lanka
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Dharmasena, PM; Wickramasinghe, WMVSK; Amarasigha, N; Gunaruwan, TL
Automobiles that enter a minor road from the main road or turn for services create congestions by holding traffic to make a right turn in two-way streets. As a solution, this paper proposes the ‘Center Turn Lane (CTL)’ concept used by some countries allowing the driver to make turns with caution without holding traffic in the lane. This research aims to investigate CTL as a feasible solution to aforesaid problem. A field study was conducted to qualify the magnitude of the issue and an interview survey was conducted among Sri Lankan drivers to gather the opinion of the proposed solution. According to the results, 60% of the respondents were not familiar with CTL. Furthermore, 49% of participants have stated that it is difficult to make right turns without holding traffic due to oncoming vehicles. According to the drivers’ judgment, an average of 37s is needed to make a right turn. While the field study data suggested that drivers spend an average of 25s. Based on the proposed solution motorists will only spend 12.5s to make a right turn in an ideal condition. This paper suggests that implementing a CTL would be an effective method to mitigate traffic congestions in Sri Lanka.
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Line capacity analysis for adding new connecting trains for increasing ridership between Polgahawela and Kurunegala
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Shalanka, HAN; Bentotage, SN; Gunaruwan, TL
Rail transport is a major public transport system in Sri Lanka. Polgahawela station is a junction - station. Although the Sri Lankan railway network does not cover majority of the country's districts, Railway network within Kurunegala district has a wider connectivity combining many cites in the country making the city a major transport hub. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the possibility of scheduling new connecting trains between Polgahawela and Kurunegala as the passengers can travel to Colombo in a minimum time. Selecting Polgahawela Station which is a a junction station where passengers can use trains from both lines, as a case study. Other purpose is attracting more bus passengers to rail transport and reducing the private vehicles on the road. Therefore, moving bus passengers to the rail is a beneficial thing. Therefore, the proposal is based on diverting some trains that are running towards to Rambukkana to Northern line. This research has been done to analyze the possibility of the above situation and find a possible time schedule and cost benefit analyzing has been done as a part of this research. Two trains were diverted to Upper and Lower direction with the objective of increasing the rail ridership between Kurunegala and Polgahawela railway station.
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Line capacity analysis for adding new connecting trains for increasing ridership between Polgahawela and Kurunegala
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Shalanka, HAN; Bentotage, SN; Gunaruwan, TL
Rail transport is a major public transport system in Sri Lanka. Polgahawela station is a junction - station. Although the Sri Lankan railway network does not cover majority of the country's districts, Railway network within Kurunegala district has a wider connectivity combining many cites in the country making the city a major transport hub. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the possibility of scheduling new connecting trains between Polgahawela and Kurunegala as the passengers can travel to Colombo in a minimum time. Selecting Polgahawela Station which is a a junction station where passengers can use trains from both lines, as a case study. Other purpose is attracting more bus passengers to rail transport and reducing the private vehicles on the road. Therefore, moving bus passengers to the rail is a beneficial thing. Therefore, the proposal is based on diverting some trains that are running towards to Rambukkana to Northern line. This research has been done to analyze the possibility of the above situation and find a possible time schedule and cost benefit analyzing has been done as a part of this research. Two trains were diverted to Upper and Lower direction with the objective of increasing the rail ridership between Kurunegala and Polgahawela railway station.
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Maritime logistics research in South Asia: a systematic review
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Weerasinghe, BA; Perera, HN; Gunaruwan, TL
Systematic reviews are trending because they inform future studies by providing a snapshot of the existent research within the relevant field. We found a dearth of systematic reviews and bibliometric analysis in maritime logistics. This study discusses the contributions of authors based in South Asia to research in maritime logistics. Moreover, maritime logistics research in this geographic region needs to be examined in the context of South Asia’s emergence as a geopolitical and maritime hub. This review reveals that an overwhelming majority of research on maritime logistics in South Asia originates from India. This review identifies five research clusters on examining networks between authors and countries. These were derived based on author keywords found in the pool of research using systematically derived through Scopus. We find that, among the South Asian research on maritime logistics, research focusing on the Indo-Pacific receives particular attention. There is also a rapidly growing focus on sustainability in shipping and in optimising container terminals.
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Navigation app and future spatial thinking: impacts of mobile navigation app on traveler route choice
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Garusinghe, V; Jayasinghe, A; Gunaruwan, TL
This study investigates the use of mobile navigation apps for way finding by travellers and the possible influence of these apps on navigator’s route choice and interaction with space. The study is based on data collected by distributing a questionnaire on- and offline among travellers who visit the Colombo metropolitan area on a daily basis. This research uses a questionnaire survey and accessibility scenario analysis using spatial analysis tools. Findings indicated that travellers use navigation apps for selection of route and destination in unfamiliar areas more often than in familiar areas. By now, a higher percentage tend to select routes which high in spatial configuration in terms of the betweenness and closeness centrality despite the high travel time at peak hour. Further, the study identified accessibility level varies based on two scenarios, i. Route choice influenced by the spatial configuration and ii. Travel time.
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Novel deep learning and GIS-based approach for road inventory survey
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Wanniarachchi, S; Lindamullage, H; Jayasinghe, A; Bandara, S; Gunaruwan, TL
The existing road inventory preparation methods are time-consuming, labor-intensive, inefficient, and there is no acceptable method for 3D urban visualisation. Accordingly, the study proposed a new cost-effective application to prepare road inventors & 3D urban visualiaation utilising deep learning technologies. The study comprised three main stages. In the first stage, the study conducted literature reviews. In the second stage, the study develops the application. Finally, the study validated the developed application by using Ranna as a case study. Further, the application recorded an accepted level of kappa accuracy. i.e., 92% & 90% for two models in the case study. transport planners and urban planners can employ the proposed application to prepare road inventors and 3D urban visualisation as the main contribution of this study.
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Process improvement initiatives in supply chains: a structured literature review
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Piyatilake, A; Vitharanage, ID; Thibbotuwawa, A; Gunaruwan, TL
Emerging interest can be observed in applying Business Process Improvement (BPI) initiatives to supply chains in various industries. Academic literature and standard industry practices indicate that emergence of such initiatives is often subject to technological advancements. This paper aims to set the context for BPI initiatives by presenting the first systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis focusing on how different organizations perceive the benefits, confront challenges, and realize critical success factors in the context of supply chain management. The present state of the literature reviewed in this paper suggests that process reengineering is the widely incorporated BPI initiative among researchers and industry practitioners. Interestingly, this method's adoption has taken place among procurement, production, warehousing, and distribution activities. The paper concludes by summarizing the key learnings from more than two decades of academic research in BPI initiatives and suggests future research avenues to expand the role of BPI initiatives in decision-making.
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Reducing container inventory management cost: the smart use of Internet of Things (IoT)
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Edirisinghe, H; De Silva, D; Gunaruwan, TL
Since shipping derives its demand from international trading, the quantity of containers imported and exported to a country rarely match. As a result, shipping lines (SL) incur an additional cost: namely, the empty container reposition cost. This refers to either the export of excess containers to another country where they are needed or import of empty containers from a port where they are in abundance. Given that Internet of things (IoT) is gaining momentum, this paper proposes a method to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of container inventory management (CIM) using IoT. The specific CIM tool to which the paper refers is the virtual container yard (VCY): an online tool that follows the fundamentals of collaboration between L). It operates through an algorithm to exchange containers between SLs. The paper examines the process of the VCY and ascertain how IoT could improve its ability to reduce CIM cost while improving service quality. It is identified that IoT could play a key role in identifying potential SLs for exchange, in determining the quantity of containers based on type, size, and other factors, and in exploring port pair option for the most economical exchange.
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Road map for electrification of last-mile urban freight vehicles; case study of three Indian cities - Ahmedabad, Delhi, and Surat
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Swamy, HMS; Sinha, S; Modi, K; Sanghvi, D; Chippa, N; Khurana, Y; Jose, D; Gunaruwan, TL
Urban freight movement is estimated to contribute to about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions and demand 12% of the world's fuel energy. The transition to electric mobility is an opportunity for India to addresses issues like an increase in GHG emissions, deteriorating air quality and dependency on oil imports. However, the transition to electric freight vehicles (EFVs) from conventional ICE vehicles will be challenging considering the market limitations in the supply of electric vehicles (EVs), charging infrastructure, and consumer preference due to the limited operating range and payload of EV batteries. The attempt in this paper is to identify the stakeholders and their choices, and the barriers to electrification. The research is based on the study of urban freight movements linked to textile markets in Ahmedabad and Surat, and the fruit and vegetable (F&V) market in Delhi. A willingness to shift survey of operators has been carried out to identify the impact of various financial and/or infrastructure incentives on the faster transition from ICE vehicles to electric vehicles and its associated economic benefits. The paper also articulates a roadmap for the faster adoption of EFVs.
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The role of supplier switching costs and supply chain responsiveness
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Gunarathne, GCI; Thibbotuwawa, A; Perera, HN; Gunaruwan, TL
The present study explores the impact of supplier switching costs on supply chain responsiveness in Sri Lankan Micro, Small and Medium scale (MSME) manufacturing firms considering the three categories of switching costs: procedural switching costs, financial switching costs and relational switching costs. Survey data were collected from 188 manufacturing firms and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyse the relationship between variables. Empirical evidence verifies that procedural switching cost is more positively related to supply chain responsiveness than the other two types of switching costs. The relational switching cost is more negatively related to supply chain responsiveness. The most important predictor that has an impact on supply chain responsiveness is relational switching cost. The result also reveals no significant relationship between financial switching costs and supply chain responsiveness. Further, the results verify that the direct relationship between supplier switching costs and supply chain responsiveness is not significant. Thus, this relationship might be influenced by different intervening variables. The findings also expose that supplier switching costs do not play a significant role in the price and product competition in the context of the manufacturing sector in Sri Lanka. Since most firms already have a thoroughly evaluated supplier base with many suppliers for the same raw materials, switching suppliers is not a major dilemma as they can be easily replaced.
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A study on railway-roadway level crossing safety
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Ragulan, K; Amarasingha, N; Gunaruwan, TL
The railway-roadway Level Crossing (LC) safety was studied as a significant number of rail crashes are being reported at LCs in Sri Lanka. Four years of railway crash data, LCs characteristics, rail line characteristics, and highway characteristics were collected at railways from Colombo to Polgahawela. It has succeeded in identifying the LCs which had shortcomings such as no barriers, prolonged bell sound, employment of elderly workers in unprotected LCs without basic facilities or assured wages, and view of approaching train being blocked by high rise buildings and trees. Multiple linear regression analyses were done by considering two independent variables at a time. Possible solutions were recommended taking into consideration of the modern methods used in this field.
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Study the affecting factors for break bulk vessel turnaround time at Port of Colombo
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Weerarathna, J; Sigera, I; Gunaruwan, TL
This research is mainly focused on identifying the affecting factors for break bulk Vessel Turnaround Time (VTT) at Port of Colombo and the relative importance of each factor to VTT using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Identified eleven (1. Berths unavailability, 2. Weather conditions while vessel berthing, 3. Administrative and financial issues, 4. Pilotage delays, 5. Weather conditions while cargo handling operation, 6. Inefficiency of ship cranes, 7. Equipment breakdown, 8. Labour issues, 9. Shifts changing, 10. Cargo unavailability, 11. Cargo clearance delays) factors are categorized (as sub-criteria) into three main criteria considering break bulk vessel handling procedure. Berthing delays, cargo handling delays, cargo availability related delays are the main criteria of the AHP model. Calculated weights of main criteria and global weight of sub criteria represent the relative importance of affecting factors for VTT. Among the main criteria, cargo handling delays is the most influential factor while berthing delays is secondary. All sub factors are ranked according to their global weights. Weather conditions while cargo handling operation, shifts changing, berth unavailability and, inefficiency of ship cranes are the critical areas that needed to be considered when reducing VTT of break-bulk operations in port of Colombo.
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Understanding the user perception of value-added services in long distance super luxury and luxury buses in Sri Lanka
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2021-10) Saranyan, T; Hewage, U; Gunaruwan, TL
Value-adding services in a public transportation play a crucial role in enhancing customer/passenger satisfaction, especially in long-distance bus transportation. There is a lack of studies addressing value-added services and their role in long-distance buses in the Sri Lankan context. Therefore, this study focusses on understanding the value-added services provided in the long-distance buses in selected corridors in Sri Lanka, users’ perception of value-added services in long-distance buses and the relationship between users’ convenience level & value-added services in super luxury and luxury buses in the selected corridors. This study was developed based on passengers’ responses to an online questionnaire focusing on four different corridors. The responses were analysed using descriptive statistics & factor analysis through the data analysis software SPSS. Fourteen different value-added services and 12 variables impacting user satisfaction were identified concerning the value-added services and Exploratory Factor Analysis was used to identify the relevant latent variables/factors.

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