World Construction Symposium

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Analysis of survival factors of subcontractors in economic recession
Misbah, ASM; Disaratna, V; Ganeshu, P; Nazeer, FS
Subcontracting is a term which means giving a portion of the work or obligations to another party called as subcontractor (SC) under a contract. This was used in several industries but in the construction industry, it plays a vital role to complete the project with a higher quality of output. In gross domestic product (GDP) calculation of the national economy, the significance of the construction industry is very high. When a country faces an economic recession, it has a direct impact on the construction industry and the stakeholders of that industry. A small number of researches was available regarding how the construction firms handle the external changes like economic recession. In this respect, this research analyses the key strategies used by the SCs when they face an economic recession. Purposive sampling method was used for data collection and a questionnaire survey was selected as the basic technique to collect data. The respondents were first asked about their profile and then about the effect of recession and survival strategies in economic recession. Relative Importance Index (RII) method was used to rank the effects and the strategies according to its importance given by the respondents. Findings of the research were that there are various strategies which are most important to the survival of subcontracting firms “Increasing the focus on forming relationship with main contractors”, “maintain goodwill to get additional financial support from bank”, “Implementing stricter site management to reduce material and time wastage”, “Implementing stricter financial management on company cash flow”, and “bidding for more projects that are within the firm’s resources and capabilities”. Finally, practicable suggestions were identified for SCs to survive in the construction industry during the economic recession period.;.
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Applicability of smart building concept to enhance sustainable building practice in Sri Lanka
Bandara, KTW; Abeynayake, MDTE; Pandithawatta, TPWSI
With the expansion of economic activities, sustainable development in construction industry got more attention worldwide. Hence, industry practitioners are more concerned on achieving sustainable construction goals to make more effective and efficient services. The Smart Building concept can be implemented with advanced building technologies to achieve clients’ requirements with in the economic, environmental and social parameters while enhancing building performances efficiently. To explore the applicability of Smart Building concept to enhance sustainable building practices in Sri Lanka, the qualitative research approach was used in this research. The opinions of the smart and sustainable construction experts were obtained through semi-structured interviews. Smart Building concept is novel to the Sri Lankan construction industry and the implementation is still in the initial stage. However, the perception of the construction industry on the Smart Building concept is focused on a strong and positive direction. The recognised sustainable benefits of Smart Building concept implementation can be used as a promoting tool to make interest on Smart Buildings. Most of these benefits are long term and most of the clients do not recognise the value of Smart Buildings in terms of sustainability. Therefore, improving the knowledge and awareness of the developers is vital during the implementation process within the local context. Lack of financial resources, complex technology requirement, reluctant to commence new technologies and lack of knowledge of developers and owners are the main barriers that are existing within the local context. Mitigating these barriers will expedite the implementation process of Smart Building concept and will upgrade the performance of the local construction industry dramatically.
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Applications of digital technologies for health and safety management in construction
Haupt, TC; Akinlolu, M; Raliile, MT
The construction industry has been known for many decades as a high-risk industry with low levels of innovation and reluctance to adopt change. Common causes of construction accidents are associated with human error, hazardous work activities, defective equipment and dangerous working environments. However, to provide a better and safe working environment, the industry can exploit the benefits of emerging health and safety technologies. The purpose of this study is to explore the application of various emerging technologies and how they can be used to improve construction health and safety management. The paper reviewed extensive literature from previous studies on emerging technologies and interventions for construction job site safety such as; Virtual Reality (VR), online databases, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Building Information Modelling (BIM), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), 4D Computer-Aided Design (4D CAD), wearables, robotics, laser scanning, photogrammetry and sensor-based technologies. Furthermore, these technologies were grouped into three categories; people technologies, process technologies and environmental technologies for better analysis. Keywords such as ‘construction health and safety technologies’, ‘digital technologies’ and ‘emerging technologies’ were used to search online databases. This study identified emerging technologies and their application in the construction industry to improve health and safety.
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Apprentice perceptions of work based learning: preliminary observations
Siriwardena, M; Ross, A; Abbott, A; Manewa, A
The degree apprenticeships programme involves a tripartite agreement involving the student apprentice, employer and the university. The programme introduced few years ago in the UK, which now caters to a significant number of apprentices in built environment related degree programmes. Although the Degree Apprenticeships involve a significant component of work based learning, limited evidence exist to justify Chartered Surveying Degree Apprenticeships Standard as a successful work based learning facilitator, mainly due to the scarcity of research. The findings of this paper are based on an ongoing research project, therefore is limited to evaluating Degree Apprenticeships apprentice perception of work based learning. Research method comprised of a literature review and the inspection of the guidance documents related to the delivery of the Degree Apprenticeships programme, followed by seven semistructured interviews with selected degree apprentices. Qualitative data analysis paved the way for identification of several success areas and the aspects that require further improvement. Lack of shared understanding among the three parties and the absence of explicit evidence of implementation of work based learning were noteworthy, and suggestions for improvement are proposed. Further research involving a wider sample of apprentices and employers suggested. .
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Appropriateness of cida price fluctuation formula for road construction in Sri Lanka
Hajjath, AKM; Rathnayake, MD
The use of the construction industry development authority (CIDA) formula of price fluctuation will help to claim unpredicted costs in construction projects at least up to a satisfying level. However, some limitations were made when preparing the formula to ease the calculation. Therefore, the project aims to find out the factors affecting the CIDA price fluctuation formula and to identify the appropriate use of the CIDA price fluctuation formula for road construction. A mixed approach was utilized for the study. A broad study of the literature review was intended to a price fluctuation concept and price fluctuation reclamation methods and the significance of road construction projects. The semi-structured and structured close-ended questionnaires were carried out to collect data to identify issues and factors affecting the formula. The qualitative data were analyzed through Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Miner lite software while quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS software. A framework was developed concerning outcomes. The price indices, coefficient (0.966), input percentage of construction inputs were found as internal factors which are affecting the formula with their issues and also the difficulties faced while calculation of those internal factors, type of the contract, assumptions which are used to make the formula were found as the external factors. This framework can be recommended to use as a tool before commencing the price fluctuation calculation using the CIDA formula for understanding which factors are mostly helping to increase the appropriateness of the CIDA formula in the road construction sector.
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Barriers for renewable technology in commercial buildings
Bevan, WJ; Nolan, L
Policies within the United Kingdom (UK), such as the Renewable Energy Strategy, demand the construction sector to adopt renewable technology within buildings. Moreover, as commercial buildings are responsible for 14% of the total UK carbon emissions, building professionals are required to integrate renewable technology within these properties to assist the targets. Despite the policies, the UK renewable technology uptake remains low. Within this context, existing literature identifies the barriers to the adoption of renewable technology in buildings. There are few studies, however, concerning the current uptake of renewable technology in commercial buildings, in addition to little detail of solutions to the barriers experienced by the construction sector. A study was conducted to investigate the integration of renewable technology in UK commercial buildings. Data collection consisted of a literature review, a survey involving 30 construction professionals and two semi-structured interviews with an engineer and a programme manager. Findings evidenced a range of social, economic, and technical barriers for the adoption of renewable technology in buildings. Primary data results support concerns of the financial cost associated with the technology, along with greater detail to explain the barriers associated with awareness, a lack of experience and knowledge of renewable technology options for integration within commercial buildings. Finally, in contribution to theory, results evidence similar findings to existing literature published over 10 years ago, which indicates the need for future research to study solutions to the barriers of renewable technology adoption in commercial buildings.
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Beyond barriers: exploring the considerations hindering the adoption of green construction From a behavioural economics perspective
Hammond, SF; Gajendran, T; Maund, K; Savage, DA
Several academic researchers have investigated the barriers inhibiting the adoption of green construction. Numerous interventions including raising awareness through educational forums, monitoring and enforcement programmes, and financial incentives have been recommended as strategies to encourage the wider adoption of green construction. However, most of these interventions have failed to address the low adoption of green construction. This raises the question ‘Why’? Drawing on the insights from Behavioural Economics, specifically Game Theory and Prospect Theory, and the broad social sciences, it is proposed that it is at the individual level of choice that building construction stakeholders are reluctant to adopt green construction, and building construction stakeholders’ decision-making is influenced by the confluence of ‘elements’ which bring about the tendency for them to prefer non-adoption to adoption. Following this, this paper aimed at exploring the ‘considerations’ that can underlie the tendency for building construction stakeholders to prefer non-adoption to adoption through a literature review. Four key considerations were found. They are dilemma concern, trust in others’ actions, fear of being a sucker, and short-term self-interest. It is concluded that, when given empirical support, policies to increase adoption of green construction should address whichever consideration(s) that strongly hinder green construction adoption in a particular setting.
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Blockchain as a project management platform
Hewavitharana, T; Nanayakkara, S; Perera, S
The construction industry will continue to be a key driver of economic growth for any country. It is one of the biggest industries in the world which contributes heavily to the economic development of a country. However, the productivity and the effectiveness of the industry have often been called into a question. Therefore, a number of different modelling tools and software have introduced to upgrade the standards of the construction industry. This review seeks to identify how blockchain can address the project management perspectives of the construction industry with respect to the guidelines mentioned in the Project Management Body of Knowledge. Five major criterions namely purchase management, contract management, asset and inventory management, finance management and subcontractor management were selected for the analysis using the PMBOK guidelines. For that, literature review using articles in ScienceDirect which appeared the context “blockchain in construction”, “blockchain and project management”, “application of blockchain” were referred. It is identified that the blockchain technology can assist financial management without involving third parties, subcontractor management by linking derivable and payment schemes, contract administration by using smart contracts, inventory and asset management by tracking and tracing material movements and purchase management by linking key stakeholders in supply chains.
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Bridging the theory-practice gap in value management in Sri Lankan construction industry
Mahinkanda, MMMP; Sandanayake, YG; Ekanayake, BJ
Construction process is one of the most complex and dynamic procedures. Therefore, it is vital to use resources efficiently and effectively. Considering this requirement of any construction project, creating value for money is becoming important. It contributes to the economic, social and environmental aspects of a country. The concept of value is based on the relationship between satisfying needs, expectations and the resources required to achieve them. Value Management (VM) is recognised as a suitable approach to ensure value for money in construction projects. Although, VM concept is significantly used in developed countries, its applications do not seem to be well established in the construction industry in most of the developing countries including Sri Lanka. This is mainly due to lack of understanding of VM concept. Hence, this study aims to investigate how to bridge the theory-practice gap in VM in Sri Lankan construction industry, through seven case studies. Case study data collection was based on interviews, document review and observations and analysed using content analysis. The research findings revealed that these projects employed different kinds of VM methodologies derived from standard VM methodologies with the focus of various VM objectives. The study further identified number of reasons for theory-practice gap in VM such as lack of a formal guideline and less knowledge on VM, which dilute successful VM implementation. The experts further proposed train in-house VM facilitators, proper project planning, motivate investors, train Sri Lankan professionals by foreign experts and govern VM knowledge sharing as strategies to bridge the gap in order to deliver best value for client’s money.
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Building organisational capacities for effective e-waste management: a conceptual framework
Azeem, AHA; Mallawarachi, H; Geekiyanage, D
Globally, e-waste generation rises in parallel to the increased consumption of e-products. Management of this complex waste stream becomes a severe challenge, especially for developing countries. Sri Lanka also no exception to this problem due to the limited capacities of e-waste handling organisations in the country. Therefore, this study aims to develop a conceptual framework for effective e-waste management by integrating organisational capacities to improve the involvement of organisations for effective e-waste management. Initially, a comprehensive literature review was carried out on the state-of-art of the e-waste management, capacity buildings, and application of organisational capacities for e-waste management alike. The review of the literature revealed that there are eight dimensions to measure organisational capacities. They are mission and strategy, organisational structure, processes, human resources, financial resources, information resources, and infrastructure. The data collected from the literature review was manually analysed and finally, the conceptual framework was developed on organisational capacity buildings for effective e-waste management. The developed conceptual framework can be used as a guideline to implement organisational capacities for e-waste management. This framework will be a blueprint for individuals and organisations to incorporate dimensions of organisational capacity buildings to ewaste management by identifying the existing capacity gaps consequently, enhancing the organisational capacity for better managing the e-waste, especially in developing countries.
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Client’s contribution to achieve sustainability through corporate social responsibility in the Sri Lankan construction industry8
Rizvi, FS; Somachandra, WDIV
The Sri Lankan construction industry’s impact on the environment, social and economy is inevitable; emphasising the need to adopt sustainability. Sustainability is distinguished in order to avoid depletion of natural resources as well as to maintain the ecological balance. Sustainability could result in a corporate level, based on construction business organisations further illustrating the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR focuses on impact by organisations concerning the triple bottom line. CSR is identified as a path to achieve corporate sustainability. Stakeholders’ participation is crucial to incorporate in a sustainable development plan which facilitates the identification of the clients who play a prominent role. This research followed a qualitative study by interviewing clients selected through snowball sampling in the Sri Lankan construction industry. Phenomenology was the approach followed for this research and bracketing was used as a method of analysis. Results of the research identified categories to achieve sustainability through CSR in the perception of clients as: cost constraint, government regulatory approach, consultants’ intervention, client’s apprehension on sustainability and their attitude on social and environmental aspects, thereby paving the path to develop recommendations.
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Client’s impact to the schedule Delays in road projects: contractor’s perspective
Abeykoon, MMGD; Zainudeen, N; Perera, CSR; Madhuwanthi, HAS
The problem of schedule delay is a frequent and regular phenomenon in the construction projects. Road construction of Sri Lanka is no exception. Client as a key project participant has a control on duration of construction phases. This makes client a casual cause for schedule delay. However, contractor also is a major suffering party due to unprecedented delays. Therefore, this research is aimed at investigating the contractor’s perspective of client’s impact to the schedule delay in rehabilitation and widening road projects (RWRP) in Sri Lanka. Initially, a comprehensive literature review aided to identify types and effects of delay in road construction projects. Further, identified literature was refined in the sense of Sri Lankan context through three number of preliminary interviews. Next, six cases were selected considering RWRPs in Sri Lanka and steered a document review to investigate the influence of the involvement of the client for delays. Then, a questionnaire survey was carried out to examine the significance of client’s causes for delay on contractor’s perspective and to identify the client’s best practices including suggestions to minimize the delays in RWRPs in Sri Lanka. The analysed data confirmed that delayed interim payments to the contractors due to monetary difficulties of the client, change orders by the client throughout the construction period, delay in land acquisition and delay in handing over the site for construction work as key client causative factors. This study request client to adhere with the identified best practices to mitigate schedule delays in RWRP in Sri Lanka.
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The concept of value engineering and its assimilation in Sri Lankan construction industry: a literature review
Hyderaly, H; Thayaparan, M; Aarifkhan, F
Value is an ideational thought by which a worth of a good or service is expressed. Value Engineering is one of the tools used to evaluate such value and provide solutions for best fit value in real time. The core principle of practicing value engineering is to achieve value for money in construction projects, but it also bestows practitioners with added advantages such as innovative alternatives and enhanced quality. Even though value engineering is practiced globally, application of value engineering in Sri Lanka is highly limited due to lack of knowledge and awareness of the concept of value engineering, lack of realisation of the benefits it can bring to the construction projects and lack of government support. Hence, Sri Lankan construction industry lacks initiatives to pursue integration of value engineering in construction projects. The objective of this paper is to explore the idea behind the term “value” through value engineering and manifest previously identified causes and mitigation strategies to enhance value engineering practices within Sri Lanka. A comprehensive literature review has been carried out to disclose facts and cues of value engineering identified globally and to contextualise the concepts of value engineering within Sri Lankan construction industry. This paper emphasises that value engineering enhances the total value of the project while irradiating unnecessary costs associated with the projects. However, Sri Lankan construction industry is not practising value engineering in its full potential due to barriers identified above. Recommendations were, therefore, proposed to reveal the importance of standardising value engineering practice in Sri Lankan construction industry. .
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Conceptual framework for effective implementation of ‘project management institute’s standard for earned value management’ in Sri Lanka
Deniyage, CJ; Palliyaguru, R
Successful accomplishment of a project requires effective management of its performance. The performance of the most construction projects is tracked utilizing planned cost vs. actual cost measures only. Earned Value Management (EVM) technique came into existence as an effective performance measurement and a feedback tool for managing projects by emphasizing more on the Earned Value (EV) of projects. Regardless of the immense benefits of EVM, there are significant deficiencies in the process of implementation of the EVM technique in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this study aims to develop a conceptual framework for effective implementation of EVM in the Sri Lankan construction industry with specific reference to the Project Management Institute’s (PMI’s) standard for EVM. A qualitative research approach was used to accomplish the aim of the study. The empirical findings were analyzed using the manual content analysis technique to determine the degree of implementation of the PMI’s standard for EVM in Sri Lanka. The deficiency of professionals and inadequate conceptual knowledge were identified as the most critical barriers associated with the implementation process of the EVM technique. Allocating a separate team to execute the EVM technique, arranging short courses on EVM, developing a standard master format for project performance measurement are the measures that this study recommends promoting the adoption of the EVM technique in the Sri Lankan construction industry.
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Conceptual framework for effective implementation of project management institute’s standard for earned value management’ in Sri Lanka
Deniyage, CJ; Palliyaguru, R
Successful accomplishment of a project requires effective management of its performance. The performance of the most construction projects is tracked utilizing planned cost vs. actual cost measures only. Earned Value Management (EVM) technique came into existence as an effective performance measurement and a feedback tool for managing projects by emphasizing more on the Earned Value (EV) of projects. Regardless of the immense benefits of EVM, there are significant deficiencies in the process of implementation of the EVM technique in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this study aims to develop a conceptual framework for effective implementation of EVM in the Sri Lankan construction industry with specific reference to the Project Management Institute’s (PMI’s) standard for EVM. A qualitative research approach was used to accomplish the aim of the study. The empirical findings were analyzed using the manual content analysis technique to determine the degree of implementation of the PMI’s standard for EVM in Sri Lanka. The deficiency of professionals and inadequate conceptual knowledge were identified as the most critical barriers associated with the implementation process of the EVM technique. Allocating a separate team to execute the EVM technique, arranging short courses on EVM, developing a standard master format for project performance measurement are the measures that this study recommends promoting the adoption of the EVM technique in the Sri Lankan construction industry.
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Conceptual framework for green supply chain practices in construction industry
Rajamanickam, T; Waidyasekara, KGAS; Pandithawatta, TPWSI
The construction industry plays an important role in improving quality of the environment. However, it was also found out that the construction activities create negative impacts on the environment. Reducing the negative environmental impact of the construction industry is one of the major challenges in the 21st century. However, regardless of the significance of this problem, limited efforts to deal with the negative effects have been largely fragmented and disjointed. Green Supply Chain Management is considered as one of the main efforts, which aim to integrate environmental parameters within the supply chain management. It reduces carbon emissions and improves environmental performances of organizations. The trend towards developing Green Supply Chain is now increasing among various industries. In the recent past, enterprises have started Green Supply Chain Management for the purpose of securing competitive advantages over other initiative due to the increase of international conventions related to the recent climate change, the global environmental protection regulations, the stakeholders and investors’ need for environmental suitability and the consumer’s choice for environmentally friendly products. Therefore, this paper aims to critically review the secondary data on Supply Chain Management, Sustainable Supply Chain Management, and Green Supply Chain Management in the construction industry. Finally, the paper presents a conceptual framework integrating concepts for Green Supply Chain Management practices to the construction sector.
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A conceptual knowledge value chain model for construction organisations engaged in competitive tendering
Dewagoda, KG; Perera, BAKS
With the world heading towards a knowledge economy, knowledge is contemplated as a critical organisational resource that creates competitive advantage for construction organisations, especially when they engage in competitive tendering. Knowledge Value Chain Model (KVCM) is a viable mechanism that employs organisational knowledge for the organisations to acquire competitive advantage in competitive tendering. However, it has yet not been adopted although there is a dire requirement for it in the construction industry. Hence, this study developed a conceptual KVCM to facilitate the full exploitation of the knowledge available in a construction organisation so that it can function with competitive advantage during competitive tendering. This conceptual KVCM was developed by analysing the generic KVCMs mentioned in the extant literature. The analysis was followed by 15 expert interviews. It is recommended that to facilitate its pragmatic implementation, the KVCM be customised in the future as a Knowledge Value Chain (KVC) Framework by incorporating organisational characteristics.
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Constructing plastic roads using polymer-modified bitumen: a literature review
Ridmika, KDH
The flexible roads are the roads which are mainly constructed by using bitumen and asphalt. Flexible roads have problems due to their lack of durability, lack of strength etc. Therefore, this research was conducted to identify the possibility of using polymermodified bitumen as a solution for those problems. The research methodology used was literature review. Plastic waste can be used to prepare polymer-modified bitumen. The applicability, cons and pros; the environmental aspect and economical aspect of the polymer-modified bitumen were identified in this research. Moreover, polymer-modified bitumen is identified as a solution for the flexible roads’ problems. Using the polymermodified bitumen in the road construction, addresses the problems of the flexible roads, by, increasing the roads’ strength, avoiding breakage, facing the environmental conditions more effectively etc. Furthermore, it brings benefits such as the roads becoming more comfortable for the passengers. The most effective way of constructing the plastic roads is the dry process, over the wet process. Preparing the plastic roads is an environmentally friendly method, if only thermoplastics such as Low Density Polythene, High Density Polythene, Polyurethane and Polythene Terephthalate are used. So, the plastics which are recycled few times, Polyvinyl Chloride and thermosetting plastics usage needs to be avoided. This method is economical, because the bitumen content used in the road construction can be reduced and in long term, although the initial cost of implementing the method is high, the maintenance cost is reduced. Sri Lanka will be benefited, if this method is implemented in the construction industry.
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Corporate social responsibility practices for sustainability: case of Sri Lankan cement manufacturing and supplying organisations
Madhuwanthi, BGK; Somachandra, V
Construction industry is a booming industry worldwide and achieving sustainability in the construction industry has become a vital ambition. Nowadays, the concept of sustainability with its triple bottom line meaning is being adopted more and more by corporations and concerning construction trade, sustainability is about achieving a winwin output. Cement organisations’ business is a crucial sub-segment of the construction industry. Apart from the frequent monetary benefits from the cement organisations, it is increasingly linked to various unethical business practices form numerous challenges that threaten sustainability in cement industry. Thus, in the direction to achieve corporate sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was recognized as an effective tool. Sri Lankan cement manufacturing and supplying organizations usually publish details about CSR practices of the philanthropic, business environment and business process in their annual business reports. Therefore, this qualitative study based on five in-depth interviews focused on identifying the Sri Lankan cement companies’ gap between their current practice and required practice of CSR within their business process. The results found could be categorised under three main sectors as CSR through philanthropic activities, CSR related to business environment and CSR related to business process. It was found that; Sri Lankan cement organizations’ CSR practices related to philanthropic and business environment were at highest level. Even though there is a significant lacking point in the current practices of CSR linked to the business process and application of sustainable innovations for cement organisations’ business process to achieve corporate sustainability.
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A culture-based solution for construction and demolition waste management in Sri Lanka: a literature review
Mendis, APKD; Samaraweera, A; Kumarasiri, DMGBT; Rajini, D; Madhuwanthi, HAS
Construction projects consume bulky amounts of materials, natural resources, and energy and at the same time generate unacceptable level of solid wastes. There are strategies implemented in order manage the construction and demolition wastes in Sri Lanka. However, most of those have become unsuccessful due to the policy makers being unable to consider the cultural factors stemming from socio-economic factors, while implementing such strategies. Thus, this paper aims at deriving a culture-based solution for construction and demolition waste management in Sri Lanka. This aim is achieved through a broad literature review. As per the extent literature, the main cultural manifestations describing the cultural context of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste management include values, attitudes and behaviours. Accordingly, Sri Lankans hold many positive values, however majority of attitudes and behaviours are of negative in nature. According to literature, these cultural manifestations exists in a hierarchical order with attitudes being influenced by values and behaviours being influenced by attitudes. Nevertheless, positive values of Sri Lankans are not reflected through the attitudes and behaviours of C&D waste management, requiring thorough empirical studies to justify the dynamisms of value-attitude-behaviour hierarchy in Sri Lankan context. In addition, if these cultural manifestations related to C&D waste to be managed, a reverse cycle to the value-attitude-behaviour hierarchy should be considered, which is introduced as ‘cycle of culture management’ through this paper.