Browsing by Author "Wijayatunga, PDC"

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Analysis of household cooking energy demand and its environmental impact in Sri Lanka
(Elsevier, 2002) Wijayatunga, PDC; Attalage, RA
This paper presents the results and analysis of a study conducted with the objective of investigating the cooking energy requirements in the Sri Lanka domestic sector and the environmental emissions associated with it. The study was conducted out through a sample and showed that the main household energy supply sources were biomass, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), electricity and kerosene with electricity being used largely for water boiling in all subsectors. It was observed that the urban sector cooking is largely dominated by LPG (95% of urban households) while the rural sector cooking is confined mainly to biomass (95% of rural households). The suburban sector consists of a mixture of all the sources (LPG-70% and biomass-85% of suburban households). Similarly, LPG dominates in electrified households (76.4% of electrified households), while biomass dominates in all non-electrified households. It was found in the analysis that the highest level of gaseous emissions due to cooking activity occurs in the rural areas, mainly due to the relatively large use of biomass, while the lowest level of emissions is recorded in a typical suburban household. Also, the analysis shows that fuel switching in domestic cooking activities from biomass to LPG and kerosene can be used as a measure to reduce emissions due to higher stove efficiencies and lower emission factors associated with these fuels. Substitution of 50% of biomass usage by kerosene in the rural households will result in 39–50% reduction in emissions within the rural sector. Further, substitution of 50% of biomass usage in urban and suburban sectors by LPG results in 4–49% reduction in emissions within these sectors.
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Analysis of rural household energy supplies in Sri Lanka: Energy efficiency, fuel switching and barriers to expansion
Wijayatunga, PDC; Attalage, RA
A majority of the households in Sri Lanka, as in the case of many developing countries, is concentrated in the rural areas of the country. Unfortunately, very little attention has been paid until recently to analyse and address various issues associated with rural energy supplies, particularly those issues regarding barriers to penetration of clean and convenient sources of energy. This paper presents the results and analysis of a study conducted through a sample study on domestic energy supplies in rural Sri Lanka with emphasis on cooking and lighting energy requirements. The paper has attempted to highlight policy issues associated with rural energy supplies and possible solutions to them in the context of the country’s overall picture of the energy sector.
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Analysis of rural household energy supplies in Sri Lanka: Energy efficiency, fuel switching and barriers to expansion
(Elsevier, 2003) Wijayatunga, PDC; Attalage, RA
A majority of the households in Sri Lanka, as in the case of many developing countries, is concentrated in the rural areas of the country. Unfortunately, very little attention has been paid until recently to analyse and address various issues associated with rural energy supplies, particularly those issues regarding barriers to penetration of clean and convenient sources of energy. This paper presents the results and analysis of a study conducted through a sample study on domestic energy supplies in rural Sri Lanka with emphasis on cooking and lighting energy requirements. The paper has attempted to highlight policy issues associated with rural energy supplies and possible solutions to them in the context of the country’s overall picture of the energy sector.
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Assessment of economic impact of electricity supply interruptions in the Sri Lanka industrial sector
(Elsevier, 2004) Wijayatunga, PDC; Jayalath, MS
This paper presents the outcome of the Sri Lanka case study on assessing the economic impact of power interruptions on industry in the South Asia region, comprising the countries of Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and India. The technical assessment evaluates the cost to the country’s economy in terms of the industrial loss due to supply interruptions and environmental impacts from standby generation used to supplement the power requirements of the industrial sector. The study found that the main economic impact of the power interruptions, both planned and unplanned, is the loss of output in the industrial sector. In a typical year of power shortages, such as 2001, arising from a deficit in generation capacity, these losses can be as high as approximately US$ 81 million a year, which is approximately 0.65% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Also, the economic impact due to unplanned outages can be around US$ 45 million (0.3% of GDP) in a typical year. On average, these values for planned and unplanned outages are US$ 0.66 and US$ 1.08 per kW h of energy loss, respectively. It is also observed that 92% of the sampled industries have standby generation facilities to satisfy either, in full or partially, their own power requirements, which produced approximately 146 GW h of energy in 2001. The serious economic and environmental impacts of power interruptions, both planned and unplanned, underlines the importance of timely implementation of the long term least cost generation expansion plan and proper maintenance of transmission and distribution networks to ensure their high reliability. Therefore, it is clear that the utility needs to take immediate steps to improve its supply reliability in order to retain consumers and justify the existence of a centralised generation facility.
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Clean energy technology and regulatory interventions for Greenhouse Gas emission mitigation: Sri Lankan power sector
(Elsevier, 2009) Wijayatunga, PDC; Prasad, D
This paper presents the impact of technological and regulatory interventions, specifically the impact of the Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards (RPS) on the least-cost electricity generation expansion plan in a country. The case study used in the paper is the power generation system in Sri Lanka where the current policy is to have a renewable energy based generation penetration level of 10% by 2015. This study considers available renewable technologies as supply-side options together with their technical potential and economic feasibility. It also examines the impact of these interventions on overall power sector emissions including Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. It has been found that the 10% RPS target by 2015 can be achieved with an additional cost burden of only 1.3% of the total cost of the plan. The results also show that small hydropower is the best non-conventional renewable energy technology needing minimum financial incentives in achieving the target. Fuelwood-fired thermal power and wind power require significant level of government incentives if they are to play a role in the declared RPS of Sri Lanka. It is concluded that small power systems like the one in Sri Lanka can still contribute to emission mitigation with regulatory interventions such as RPS without significant additional costs. It is important to select the appropriate technologies, decide on their individual allocations and the optimal timing and level of penetration of these technologies to minimize the economic impact. Further, internalizing the use of these technologies in the planning process strengthens the hands of the planners in justifying their contributions to supplying demand while mitigating emissions.
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Diversion of Diyawini Oya into the surge chamber of Samanalawewa Power Station
Karunasena, ARMMS; Wijayatunga, PDC
Investigations of the development of hydro power in the upper Walawe river basin using the head difference of about 350 m between the two pineplaines of the south eastern part of the central high lands of Sri Lanka had commenced in mid 1950's. Several studies have been conducted since then on the possible ways of developing this potential .These studies lead to the finalization of Samanalawewa hydro power project in 1985. The scheme envisaged the development of the potential in two stages .Under the stage I major components such as main dam, low pressure tunnel ,surge chamber ,a single penstock add power plant of 120MW capacity housing two generating units were to be developed. Work under stage I was completed and plant was commissioned in 1992. Stage II of the scheme envisaged the construction of Diyawini Oya reservoir, a second penstock and an extension to the stage I power house to install two additional generating units to bring the total installed capacity of Samanalawewa hydro power project to 240MW. According to the studies the installation of additional 120MW capacity in the second stage of the project was aimed at providing the needs of additional peaking capacity in the CEB generating system at a future date .The studies conducted in 1985 expected such requirement to be in the CEB system in early 21st century. After completion of the wet blanketing of the reservoir to arrest the leakage which developed on the right abutment of the dam Ceylon Electricity Board wished to evaluate the feasibility of the development of stage II of the scheme in the early years of 21" century as envisaged ill 1985. In 1999, CEB requested Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau to review the feasibility of implementing the stage II of Samanalawewa hydro power project. During this review the capacity of the existing system to cater for the conditions after the installation of additional units the feasibility of construction of Diyawini Oya reservoir and the installed capacity to be developed in the near future were evaluated. Most of components of the existing project are found to have sufficient capacity to cater for the increased flows after stage II . Some modifications are required in the surge chamber in order to connect the Intake from the Diyawini oya reservoir. A provision has already been made available for this purpose in the surge chamber. Review of the feasibility of the development of Diyawini reservoir by CECB indicated that the water tightness of the reservoir is uncertain in the light of the latest geological information available .It was also noted that any treatment of reservoir to improve the water tightness will be prohibitively costly. Accordingly CEB apparently had given up the proceeding of stage II studies. However it was interesting to investigate the possibility of using Diyawini Oya waters diverted in the direction of the surge chamber and released in to the surge chamber at a feasible point. This way additional water quantity from the stream can be pumped in to the surge chamber and it is added to generate electricity at the power station. It is very important to check the electrical energy loss when pumping such a quantity of water and then compared with the energy gain at the end. All relevant calculations were done and it indicates that the project is well profitable and impacts on Environmental and social aspects are in favor of the project.
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Economic and environmental impacts of Carbon & Energy taxes in the power sector
(11/30/2011) Siriwardena, KKW; Wijayatunga, PDC; Attalage, RA
This report presents the results and analysis of a study conducted with the objective of investigating the impact on economy wide emissions due to a carbon and energy taxes levied within the electricity generation sector of Sri Lanka. An Input-Output decomposition technique is used to analyze four types of effects that contribute to the overall reduction in equivalent Carbon, NOx and SO2 emissions. These four effects are; fuel mix effect (i.e. the change in emissions due to variation in fuel mix), structural effect (i.e. change in emissions due to changes in technological coefficients), final demand effect (i.e. the change in emissions associated with changes in final demand) and joint effect (i.e. the interactive effect between or among the fuel mix, structural & final demand effects). The polluting fuel sources (e.g. coal) are less preferred under these tax regimes. Of the four effects change in fuel mix in thermal electricity generation and change final demand for electricity were found to be the main contributors in achieving economy wide emission reductions. It was found that a minimum of $50/tC of carbon tax or $1.0/MBtu of energy tax is required to have a significant impact on economy-wide emissions in the Sri Lankan context. This results in an increase in electricity generation cost by approximately Rs 1 /kWh and Rs 0.65 /kWh under carbon and energy tax regimes respectively. The reduction in emissions is also strongly coupled with the value of price elasticity of electricity. Also the study concentrates on tackling the barriers for the promotion of clean and energy efficient technologies in Sri Lanka. Barriers for renewable sources; wind and biomass (dendro thermal) and cleaner technologies; IGCC (coal) and LNG fired combined cycle were identified, based on a survey and strategies are proposed to tackle the major barriers. Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to rank the barriers and the strategies are proposed to address the three major barriers for each technology. For wind a Feed-In-Tariff, geographical diversification and capacity building in commercial banks are suggested. For dendro investment incentive and streamlining of wood production are proposed. Incorporating environment costs into the planning process and delayed implementation are suggested for IGCC and LNG.
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Economic impact of electricity supply interruptions on the industrial sector of Bangladesh
(Elsevier, 2008) Wijayatunga, PDC; Jayalath, MC
The study, conducted in 2001-2003, presented in this paper examines the economic impact of the quality of electricity delivered to the industrial installations in Bangladesh. The assessment consists of analyzing power supply interruptions and their economic impact on a sample of industrial consumers, estimating self-generation costs and environmental impacts. It was found that the industrial sector losses attributable to unplanned electric power interruptions average 0.83 US$/kWh while they are only 0.34 US$/kWh for planned outages. Further, it was found that the voltage fluctuations can cause major problems in certain industries, such as tobacco manufacturing and chemicals. It is estimated that 94% of the total energy not served resulting from interruptions is due to unplanned outages and only 6% can be attributable to planned outages. Approximately 13.6% of the industrial sector demand cannot be met by the utilities due to these interruptions. This translates into 11.54% of the industrial sector GDP or 1.72% of Bangladesh's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2000-01. It is concluded that the impact of these outages on the economy is significant. If the frequency and duration of outages can be reduced, a higher tariff is likely to be acceptable to important industries such as tobacco, wearing apparel, and leather products. Further, improving awareness of energy conservation and implementation of an aggressive programme towards it in the industrial sector will help to ease these adverse impacts on the economy to a large extent.
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Economic potential of energy conservation in a five star hotel
(3/25/2011) Muzathik, AM; Attalage, RA; Wijayatunga, PDC
Economic potential of energy conservation in a five star hotel was established. The selected site was the Hotel Lanka Oberoi, Colombo. The electrical energy demand and the thermal energy demand of the hotel were assessed using the results of an energy audit carried out in the Hotel by the Energy Conservation Fund (ECF). It was found that there are several energy conservation opportunities (ECOs) for the Hotel.// Economic analysis was carried out for the six ECOs of VAV Systems, Low-e Glass Systems, Day lighting Control Systems, Energy Efficient Lighting Systems, Indoor Temperature Set Up and Thermal Energy Storage Systems.// It showed that all the six ECOs are feasible with favorable economic parameters. Nevertheless there are merits and demerits among each of these ECOs and the sewer discussed with reference to each ECOs. Among the ECOs, VAV Systems and Energy Efficient Lighting Systems have the most favorable economic parameters with a payback period of 0.6 years and 0.2 years respectively.
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Effect of IPP electrical energy tarif to the economy of Sri Lanka
(2014-08-01) Harischandra, HMB; Wijayatunga, PDC; Attalage, R
I have written this report for the requirement of M.ENG. of second year and the research problem being analyzed is Effect of IPP Electrical Energy Tariff to the Economy of Sri Lanka. I have being involved more than ten years in the filed of thermal power generation activities including operation, maintenance, design, construction, testing and commissioning activities in foreign country as well. Further, I carried out Power Purchase Agreement administration on behalf of the power purchaser of four major IPP projects established in Sri Lanka to the value of 225 Million Dollars, since the effective date right up to the commercial operation date. Therefore, I believe that the topic is well in line with my career and look forward to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the topic. I emphasize the fact that this topic generated in my mind because of carrier involvement of the subject for a long time. The title describes the meaning and understanding of the dilemma if exists and shall try to elaborate repercussion of it and how it would be affected or not affected to the economy of Sri Lanka. For the special study of the 3r d term of the project, I have touched the problem in a different style and I hope to augment and analyze the topic in more details by identifying the factors that are contributed. In Chapter 1, I elaborated the background of economy of Sri Lanka and highlighting up and downs of various key economic performance indicators in certain occasions since the independence. I believe that the understanding of the economic status of the country is required before touching the subject matter. At the end of Chapter 1 a brief introduction has been done to the power generation situation in the country and immerges of thermal power generation to the system. -The Chapter 2 begins the story Electricity Industry of the country outlining the components contributing to the demand of electricity. It further illustrates the history of capacity augmentation and the exact time line of the introduction of IPP generation to the system and visualizes the future trend in mathematical formula for determination of the values at any potential year. §00 University of Moratuwa 87890 87890 I tried to cover the whole Independent Power concept in Chapter 3 and believe that it will be useful to the understanding of various stages of the IPP and elaborated the each stage and agreements in detail. Chapter 4 is completely devoted to the analysis of all IPP plants established up to date and each plant is considered separately highlighting their own features. Even though this chapter looks like short and much time has been spent to mold out the final effect as a result of involvement of thousands and thousand of data and many months at the computer table. All the data being used here are factual and I have faced great obstacle while establishing the diesel fuel price for power generation due to the very volatile market price and involvement of many tax components of the final product. The relevant data always presented in Chart format for better visualization and which was more enthusiasms and for instant understanding. By dividing the Chapters in the above manner, it may be seen that the work has been organized to form a continuous logical manner. Finally, I anticipate that the result of this comprehensive analysis would be useful to the accurate decision makers of the country.
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Energy conservation in industry: motor drives
(2000) Wijayatunga, PDC; Daranagama, DAU
A significant proportion of electrical energy generated is utilised in industrial motor drives in addition to it being used for electric lighting and heating. Also, oversized and under-utilised motors in the industrial sector are a common occurrence in Sri Lanka as a result of poor design and inappropriate replacement of equipment. These provide great opportunities for energy savings in motor drives particularly due to the fact that modern designs offer improved energy efficiencies in motor drive systems. This paper examines the present electricity consumption levels in motor drives used in the industrial sector and explores the opportunities for improvement by analysing data obtained through an industrial consumer survey carried out by personal visits to different industrial installations. The paper concludes with estimates of energy savings in the industrial sector as a result of possible energy efficiency improvements in industrial motor drives.
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Energy efficiency in office buildings: lighting sector
(1999) Fernando, WJLS; Wijayatunga, PDC; Ranasinghe, S
Efficient utilisation of energy is considered to be one of the main tools of controlling the ever increasing demand for energy, especially in developing countries where there is a large potential for improvement. In recent times, the efforts to improve efficiency have been largely concentrated in the electricity sector mainly due to its rapid growth in the developing nations, which is as high as 8% to 10% annually. The broader objective of this study was to develop "building codes" addressing the energy efficiency aspect within commercial buildings considering areas such as thermal comfort, lighting and other building services. This included deriving electricity requirements for different activities such as air-conditioning and lighting, giving due emphasis to different tasks performed within different types buildings. It has considered the fact that lighting and thermal comfort levels required by people in different countries differ depending on the type of environment they are generally exposed to. The paper describes the studies carried out to address the lighting sector of office buildings covering different tasks, with recommendations for optimum lighting levels to perform these tasks in Sri Lanka. These studies included assessing visual performance of people involved in different activities under varying illumination levels in a controlled environment and a comparison of these optimum lighting levels with international standards. It could be seen that the required optimum lighting levels are generally lower in Sri Lanka which is likely to be the case in many developing countries thereby clearly emphasising the need to adopt their own lighting standards in turn helping improved energy efficiency within buildings.
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Evaluation of cost of unserved energy in Sri Lanka
(2000) Wijayatunga, PDC; Fernando, WJLS
Quantitative reliability evaluation is an important aspect of power system planning and operation. The indices produced in these applications are utilised in a wide range of management decisions throughout a utility. One issue, which is often debated, is the cost associated with a particular level of reliability. In order to make this argument complete, it is necessary to examine the benefit of having a particular level of reliability based on the losses incurred as a result of losing the power supply. Estimates of the impacts of interruptions in service can be obtained by assessing the losses incurred by different customer types and categories. These data can then be used to calculate cost of energy not served in the selected utility service area. This paper presents the results of an investigation of direct, short-term impacts and associated costs incurred by three categories of electrical consumers, industrial, general purpose and household consumers, resulting from interruptions to the power supply.
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Feasibility of vapour absorption based air- conditioning in industries: a case study
(1999) Wijayatunga, PDC; Attalage, RA; Sugathapala, AGT
This paper presents the results of financial and technical feasibility of vapour absorption based air- conditioning systems (VAAC) in an industrial environment in comparison to vapour compression based systems (VCAC). The financial analysis of the study involves three possible scenarios including a waste heat recovery based system. It is concluded that the most attractive option is to install VAAC systems at the initial stages of construction of the factory premises. The other options involving existing industrial installations where waste heat recovery from standby generator units can be utilised, provide internal rates of return (IRR) varying from 1.9% to 24% and simple pay back periods vaiying from 11 years to 5 years respectively. The latter two options are applicable to existing installations. The most attractive option for the industrial installation selected in the case study is where a VAAC system is provided to supplement the existing VCAC system. This is likely to give an IRR of 14% and a simple pay back period of 8 years under present conditions.
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Green house gas mitigating options for the Sri Lankan power sector
Ranasinghe, AR; Wijayatunga, PDC; Fernando, WDLS
Global Warming due to increased amount of anthropogenic (created by man) GHG emissions has been a hoi lv debated sub|ect discussed in various forums. Repercussions due to this increasing global temperature range from outbreaks of diseases to mass inundation of land due to sea level rise. To respond to these threats arising out of Global Warming phenomenon, the international community has already undertaken some measures to curtail the emission of GHGs within stable limits.// The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)was adopted in convention have been held.// At the third Conference of parties to the UNFCCC held in Kyoto, Japan in 1997..a consensus decision was taken to adopt a protocol, under which industrialized countries will reduce their combined G l lG emissions by at least 5.2% compared to the 1990 levels, during the period of 2008- 2012. The Kyoto Protocol introduced three flexibility mechanisms to achieve this objective : Clean Development mechanism (Article 12), Joint implementation (Article 6). and Emission Trading (Article 17)// Sri Lanka is a developing country with a relatively low amount of GHG emissions at present. It has the capacity to participate in CDM projects. It is first necessary to assess the potential for prospective CDM projects in the country, before actual participation, once working solutions are devised ior the implementation of the Kyoto protocol. Once the implementation stage has been reached, main developing countries would be competing to attract the attention of the developed countries b\ offering an array of GHG mitigating projects in their respective countries. A market would therefore evolve where investments by the developed countries would be primarily targeting the low cost projects with high GHG mitigating potential in the developing countries.// It is necessary for Sri Lanka to identify the prospective GHG mitigating projects in the country in various sectors. the GHG mitigating potential of such projects should be studied in the light of underlying financial and technological parameters and constraints and a countrywise database should he devised. The Power Sector would constitute a significant portion of the total GFIG mitigating potential in the country. This study aims to identify the best project options in the Sri Lankan Power Sector that could benefit from the CDM mechanism once workable solutions are found for the implementation of the Kyoto protocol.
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Greenhouse gas emission mitigation in the Sri Lanka power sector supply side and demand side options
(Elsevier, 2003) Wijayatunga, PDC; Fernando, WJLS; Shrestha, RM
Sri Lanka has had a hydropower dominated electricity generation sector for many years with a gradually decreasing percentage contribution from hydroresources. At the same time, the thermal generation share has been increasing over the years. Therefore, the expected fuel mix in the future in the large scale thermal generation system would be dominated by petroleum products and coal. This will result in a gradual increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) and other environmental emissions in the power sector and, hence, require special attention to possible mitigation measures. This paper analyses both the supply side and demand side (DSM) options available in the Sri Lanka power sector in mitigating emissions in the sector considering the technical feasibility and potential of such options. Further, the paper examines the carbon abatement costs associated with such supply side and DSM interventions using an integrated resource planning model, which is not used in Sri Lanka at present. The sensitivities of the final generation costs and emissions to different input parameters, such as discount rates, fuel prices and capital costs, are also presented in the paper. It is concluded that while some DSM measures are economically attractive as mitigation measures, all the supply side options have a relatively high cost of mitigation, particularly in the context of GHG emission mitigation. Further it is observed that when compared with the projected price of carbon under different global carbon trading scenarios, these supply side options cannot provide economically beneficial CO2 mitigation in countries like Sri Lanka.
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Impact of alternative generation planning options on electri city tariffs
(2007) Prasad, WD; Wijayatunga, PDC
Sri Lanka is predominantly a fossil fuel importing country with relatively high rainfall mainly in the central hilly region. This factor has led to the heavy dependence on hydropower to satisfy its power generation needs during the past century. Presently this hydropower dominated Sri Lankan power system is moving towards thermal system domination. This is due to the limitation of economic hydro-power resources and the fact that a major component of these economic resources has already been exploited. Further Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB), institution responsible for generation planning, considers only candidate thermal options together with four candidate hydropower options when preparing the base case expansion plan. Long-term least-cost power generation expansion plan has therefore given rise to the installation of oil-fired and coal-fired thermal plants to meet the increasing demand of the country [1].
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Impact of distributed and independent power generation on greenhouse gas emissions: Sri Lanka
(Elsevier, 2004) Wijayatunga, PDC; Fernando, WJLS; Shrestha, RM
Sri Lanka has a hydropower dominated power system with approximately two thirds of its generation capacity based on large hydro plants. The remaining one third are based on oil fired thermal generation with varying technologies, such as oil steam, Diesel, gas turbines and combined cycle plants. A significant portion of this capacity is in operation as independent power plants (IPPs). In addition to these, Sri Lanka presently has about 40 MWs of mini-hydro plants, which are distributed in the highlands and their surrounding districts, mainly connected to the primary distribution system. Further, there are a few attempts to build fuel wood fired power plants of small capacities and connect them to the grid in various parts of the country. The study presented in this paper investigates the impact of these new developments in the power sector on the overall emissions and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in particular. It examines the resulting changes to the emissions and costs in the event of developing the proposed coal power plant as an IPP under different investment and operational conditions. The paper also examines the impact on emissions with 80 MWs of distributed power in different capacities of wind, mini-hydro and wood fired power plants. It is concluded that grid connected, distributed power generation (DPG) reduces emissions, with only a marginal increase in overall costs, due to the reduction in transmission and distribution network losses that result from the distributed nature of generation. These reductions can be enhanced by opting for renewable energy based DPGs, as the case presented in the paper, and coupling them with demand side management measures. It is also concluded that there is no impact on overall emissions by the base load IPPs unless they are allowed to change over to different fuel types and technologies.
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Lighting energy efficiency in office buildings: Sri Lanka
(Elsevier, 2003) Wijayatunga, PDC; Fernando, WJLS; Ranasinghe, S
This paper describes a study conducted in the lighting sector of office buildings as a part of a broader research study aimed at developing building codes for Sri Lanka addressing lighting as well as thermal comfort in order to optimise the use of electricity within these buildings. The study covered different tasks performed in office buildings and the optimum lighting levels required to perform these tasks in the office environment in Sri Lanka. Also, it included assessing the visual performance of people involved in different activities under varying illumination levels in a controlled environment and a comparison of these optimum lighting levels with international standards. It can be seen that the required optimum lighting levels are generally lower in Sri Lanka in comparison to specified standard levels, and this scenario is likely to be similar in other developing countries too. These findings clearly emphasise the need to adopt lighting standards most appropriate to local conditions, in turn helping improve the energy efficiency within buildings.
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Lighting energy efficiency in office buildings: Sri Lanka
Wijayatunga, PDC; Fernando, WJLS; Ranasinghe, S
This paper describes a study conducted in the lighting sector of office buildings as a part of a broader research study aimed at developing building codes for Sri Lanka addressing lighting as well as thermal comfort in order to optimise the use of electricity within these buildings. The study covered different tasks performed in office buildings and the optimum lighting levels required to perform these tasks in the office environment in Sri Lanka. Also, it included assessing the visual performance of people involved in different activities under varying illumination levels in a controlled environment and a comparison of these optimum lighting levels with international standards. It can be seen that the required optimum lighting levels are generally lower in Sri Lanka in comparison to specified standard levels, and this scenario is likely to be similar in other developing countries too. These findings clearly emphasise the need to adopt lighting standards most appropriate to local conditions, in turn helping improve the energy efficiency within buildings.