Browsing by Author "Rajapaksha, I"

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Appraising indoor thermal perception of elderly in hot climates: An experimental investigation of free-running residential aged care homes in Colombo
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), 2021-12-03) Rajapaksha, I; Sandamini, RGP
Rapid demographic transition with higher growth in ageing population demonstrate a major societal challenge in South Asia and Sri Lankans will age faster than other developing economies in the region. Climate shocks of people living in economically deprived countries will increase in future and elders are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of temperature extremes. The study experimentally investigated free-running residential care homes in hot climate of Colombo performing simultaneous personal monitoring and questionnaire surveys. Results explicitly prove overheated indoors with less air flow. Majority of elders confirmed thermally unacceptable interiors with warm thermal sensations and low air velocities of 0.1 to 0.29 m/s with predominant preference of more air movement proves inadequate passive airflow. A significant relationship between wind preference and presence of openings of their place of stay were evident. Staying away from a window or door instigated to practice a behavioural adaptation of moving towards transitional areas such as corridors, verandas, and outdoor spaces for more wind sensation. Since ageing is associated with physical inabilities and elders spend their life mostly in indoors, findings emphasize the importance of enhancing passive airflow and application of appropriate design strategies to ensure optimum air velocities and dispersion of airflow within interiors.
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Appraising the influence of landscape design on traffic generated air pollution of urban parks
(2018) Rajapaksha, I; Ekanayake, M; Samarawickrama, S
Urban parks are predominant constituents of an urban design which contributes to enhance the quality of life of city dwellers. Location of an urban park is an important design decision and the Public Outdoor Recreational Space (PORS) standard of Sri Lanka prioritizes the criterion of easy accessibility of park users. As the air pollution levels exaggerates in localities closer to major traffic routes it’s vital to appraise the concentration of airborne pollutant levels in roadside parks. This study experimentally investigated roadside park of Independence Square (ISP) and the Water’s edge (WEP). Onsite field investigation was performed on a typical weekday and weekend of each park. Traffic induced air pollution levels are interpreted with the ultrafine particle number (PNC) concentration levels amalgamated with the outdoor microclimatic thermal parameters. Results explicitly confirm air pollution levels inside the parks are lower than the roadside. Mean PNC of the core of ISP is 93.4% lesser than the corresponding road. Mean PNC of the core of WEP is 83% lesser than the roadside. Reduction of pollution inside the park is inversely related to Crown volume coverage of trees. Impact of pollution levels on distance from the road closely follows the roadside pollution levels and the distance of high pollution zone is different in both parks. Thus the findings of this study informs far reaching landscape design implications in composition and layouts to promote less polluted roadside urban parks in developing cities of tropics. Roadside Parks.
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Appraising the influence of paving materials on pedestrian thermal stress in tropics: evaluating the effects of tree shading on surface thermal performance
(2019) Rajapaksha, I; Ekanayake, M; Samarawickrama, S
Escalating trend in the formation of urban heat island (UHI) in the cities of tropical Asia contributes to warming microclimates and imposes a greater challenge on human health and well-being. Rapid urbanization and declining green plot ratio has contributed to the formation of an UHI in the city of Colombo. Consequences of UHI on urban green spaces exaggerate with the increasing use of paved surfaces. As surface heat inflation causes thermal discomfort for dwellers, it is vital to understand the thermal performance of different artificial and natural paving materials with a particular focus on tree shade variation. This study experimentally investigated parks of Independence Square and the Water’s edge in Colombo. Onsite field investigation was performed on a typical hot season identifying most users perceive settings inside the park. The Mean Paving Surface Temperature (MPST) and predicted Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) values were obtained in relation to Crown Volume Coverage (CVC) of trees. Results explicitly confirm PET values inside the parks correspond to high discomfort range. Exposed concrete paving is evident for high PET levels and the shaded surfaces are apparent for a reduction of 10°C of mean MPST. The Lowest PET of 30 °C was evident over the shaded grass paving with 31°C mean MPST. Reduction of the MPST significantly correlated (p=0.00) with increasing tree CVC. Thus, the findings of the study inform natural paving design implications with improved shading composition can promote less heated urban green spaces in developing cities of tropics.
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Appraising vulnerabilities on elders and built environment of aging-in-place in tropics using infrared thermography
(IEEE, 2022-07) Rajapaksha, I; Jayasekara, R; Siriwardana, C; Rathnayake, M; Adhikariwatte, V; Hemachandra, K
Demographic shifts due to the burgeoning ageing population and increasing global temperatures are synchronized societal challenges of the future. People living in low and middle-income countries are ageing much faster than richer countries and over the next three decades, ageing is predominant in Asia. People ageing in low-income communities of the tropics will become more vulnerable to heat with limitations and conditions of the houses they live. Thus, the study appraises the vulnerabilities of elders and the built environment of aging in place in the tropical city of Colombo, Sri Lanka. The selected cohort is permanently residing in a low-income community. Infrared thermal imagery analysis of elders is evident for a mean skin temperature of 34.9° C, which is 1.9° C above a healthy adult. Mean skin temperature further increases in elders living in detached houses. Moreover, the houses demonstrate poor ventilation, and overheated interiors with less usable floor area and windows. Additionally, the elders are suffering from long-term illnesses and their income restricts treatments. Thus, the study portrays an overarching social injustice status of ageing population in cities in Sri Lanka, as elders prefer aging in place. Thus, it highlights the significance of physical attributes of built environment to ensure healthy aging in warming climates.
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Challenges on urban ageing in high density settlements: Relationship of built-environment attributes and lifestyle of elderly in Western province, Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), 2021-12-03) Jayaratne, NN; Rajapaksha, I
Urbanization and population aging are two key phenomena in the twenty-first century that concerns the elders living in cities, especially those in low- and middle-income countries like Sri Lanka. In such a setting, understanding the responsiveness of the built environment for active aging is crucial. However, even the few available studies are prioritized on health rather than the built environment attributes. Therefore, this study aims to assess the built environment attributes related to elders, for the first time, in developing countries like Sri Lanka. The assessment method composes of two case studies in Colombo, Sri Lanka with a questionnaire survey, an axial map, and a frequency analysis using the SPSS software. The case studies comprise of a middle-income and a low-income settlement both with high population density. The analysis results explicitly informed that, in comparison, the middle-income settlement is more adversely affected by the built environment response related to health and social relationships. This finding is further supported by the prominence in health-related issues of loneliness (ρ-value .042) and lack of freedom (ρ-value .014) in the middle-income settlement. The built environment attributes were ranked based on their significance in correlation with the Quality-of-Life measures and the individual age-related characteristics. This was further developed for an appraisal that assesses health-related aspects of built environment response for vulnerable age groups like elders. The findings and the appraisal could support the future decision-making process of the National health budget and future urban design interventions since Sri Lanka has the highest South Asian aging population.
item: Thesis-Abstract
Climate responsive design(CRD) ; climatic strategies in architecture and their regional variations with special reference to main climatic zones in Sri Lanka
Prasangani, THA; Rajapaksha, I
As a main consumer of energy and mechanical methods for keeping its internal spaces comfortable and therefore emitting adverse components like CO2 and CFC to the environment, the contemporary buildings are responsible for current global issues like 'global warming' and ozone layer depletion. Therefore, as the Professionals involved in designing buildings, Architects has grate responsibility on addressing such issues. Making the buildings climate responsive can reduce a grater amount of such causes for these current environmental issues. The world is divided to various climatic regions considering their weather conditions and the strategies in architecture for respond these climatic conditions are unique for their basics. But considerable variations in Architectural Form can be observed even within these main climatic Zones. Therefore it is important to study on Climate Responsive Design (CRD) and its regional variations as a Postgraduate student of Architecture. This dissertation includes a study on various principles and strategies of CRD for Tropical climate in order to formulate a comprehensive set of principles and strategies for tropics which was further developed in to a CRD Evaluation Index and a research on regional variations of CRD and their applicability in traditional and modern domestic buildings with special reference to main Climatic Zones of Sri Lanka. Eighteen (18.) Houses were evaluated under nine (09) cases selected from the three main climatic zones in order to obtain reasonable coverage for the research and the results were evaluated against a 'base case' selected for each zone using the developed CRD Evaluation Index. The analysis of research reinforced the hypothesis for the research of ... 'there is a regional variation of CRD and the modern buildings have ignored such CRD strategies, which were specifically followed by the traditional buildings of tile same region'. The research was further discovered that there are various sub zones even within these main climatic regions we identified- and concluded the dissertation while opening various areas for possible future studies. Key Words.· Climate Responsive Design (CRD), Principles and Strategies of CRD CFW Evaluation Index, Main Climatic Zones in Sri Lanka, Dry Zone, Wet Zone, Hilly Zone.
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A critique on on-going retrofit approaches to existing high mass historic building forms with heat sink capacity
Rajapaksha, U; Rodrigo, S; Rajapaksha, I
The research presents a critique on unrealized heat sink capacity of Colombo’s historic British period buildings. The work discusses how on-going inappropriate retrofitting approaches to these buildings can hinder the passive heat sink capacity of high thermal mass envelopes. The research performed field investigations on selected renovated historic high mass buildings of which most of them are naturally ventilated. Results showed that renovated building interiors become overheated during daytime and night time due to direct and indirect heat gain due to newly introduced retrofit interventions i.e. courtyards and windows. Later, one renovated but critical building was simulated with its original status of physical characteristics by removing all newly introduced design interventions using Design-Builder software program. Results show that the original building performs better than renovated building in maintaining indoor air temperatures lower than outside ambient air temperature during daytime. The work illustrates the efficiency of heat sink effect of thermal mass in historic building forms and challenges the on-going retrofit approaches.
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A Design framework for achieving net zero energy commercial buildings
Hyde, R; Rajapaksha, RMKU; Rajapaksha, I; Riain, MO; Silva, F
Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) are currently an emerging performance target for sustainable commercial buildings. A central issue is how this target can be met either through the design of new buildings or retrofitting of existing buildings. From a review of the NZEB definitions it is argued a new conceptualisation is needed which maps specific carbon abatement emissions for the components of the total energy system. The NZEB approach is examined in four projects. It is argued that retrofitting is needed to achieve reductions in global im pact in terms of CO2 but often the scope of work is beyond the owner’s capability, Hence, local, national and global ‘welfare’ (subsidies and incentives) are needed. Nation states in this study are responding differently to this welfare capacity by promoting or penalizing the NZEB building methodologies. More research is need to assess the level of welfare needed to support NZEB and to limit the environmental impacts of commercial buildings in line with GHG abatement targets.
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Developing a conceptual model for passive cooling in buildings in the tropics : a study of maritime museum, Galle, Sri Lanka
Rajapaksha, U; Gunasekara, A; Rajapaksha, I; Hyde, R
The paper presents an investigation of the performance of thermal mass and night ventilation for passive cooling using a critical case study approach. The conceptual Model is based on literature and a pre-modern building in a historic world heritage site. The building was tested by a field investigation using thermal monitoring and a simulation study of the building. Effectiveness is seen with internal air and operative temperatures moving 5-6 degrees C well below ambient levels which is around 31 degrees C, suggesting efficiency of thermal mass with night ventilation for passive cooling and in reducing needs for operational energy in warm humid climates. The work provides evidence supporting these findings and justifying the conceptual Model.
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Developing a framework of interventions for retrofitting high-rise office buildings in warm climates
Rajapaksha, RMKU; Hyde, R; Rajapaksha, I; Leifer, D
There is a complex interplay of issues associated with retrofitting high-rise office buildings in warm climates. This paper explores non-technological and technological interventions for retrofitting and the potential environmental benefits associated with them. An approach is developed in the context of bioclimatic renovation design for existing high-rise office buildings in warm climates in Australia that offers opportunities for promoting energy-efficient practices through the exploitation of occupant behaviour, building design and powered systems in the commercial building sector.
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Effect of spatial ambience on thermal adaptation in tropics : case of free-running shared spaces in coastal hotels of Sri Lanka
Rajapaksha, I
Accommodation sector accounts for 21% of the global CO2 emissions and the competitiveness of tourism industry in future is primarily depended on hotel energy efficiency which plays a vital role in eco-efficiency of tourist operations. Tourists on pleasure travel prefer hotels which promote environmentally friendly built environment with free-running interiors. Thus the study investigates the design implications of free-running shared spaces and the influence of spatial ambience on thermal adaptation of tourists in tropical coastal hotels. Selected case studies are most popular semi-residential coastal hotels designed by the renowned architect Geoffrey Bawa and the methodology is consists of indoor thermal investigation, structured questionnaire and interview survey. Thermal investigation informs a heat stress indoor thermal environments in the shared spaces. Comparison of the actual sensation with the predicted comfort votes explicitly highlights a discrepancy between the two. Thermally uncomfortable warm interiors are being predominantly perceived as neutral to cool thermal environments. Thus indicates the shared spaces demonstrate a stimulus for adaptive approach and informs to explore the factors influencing the psychological adaptation. Actual experiences of the tourists relaxing in the pool lobby of Heritance (PLH) were evident for the optimum effect of thermal adaptation in comparison to other shared spaces. The attributes of spatial ambience has influenced the feeling of thermal pleasure and pleasantness. These spatial experiences generated through openness and integration of surrounding environment has promoted psychological adaptation of the tourists relaxing in this space to tolerate heat stress indoor microclimates of tropics. Thus the findings of this research determine significance of spatial ambience as a strategy for energy efficiency of tropical hotels.
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Energy poverty, occupant comfort, and wellbeing in internally displaced people's residences in Sri Lanka
(Elsevier, 2021) Kumareswaran, K; Rajapaksha, I; Jayasinghe a, GY
Internally displaced people (IDP) due to conflict and violence were estimated as 41.3 million in 55 countries as the end of the year 2019, the highest figure ever recorded. Sri Lanka has not yet prioritized the health and wellbeing of households in building designing, with the emerging heat island effect making the lives more desperate for IDP. This study focused on the effect of energy poverty on occupant comfort in determining the quality of life of people and adaptive behaviors to manage heat strain in overheated interiors of rehabilitated residences in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Field investigations consisted of personal monitoring, questionnaire surveying and physical measurements in four clusters of rehabilitation residence programmes in four regions. The study found that IDP were suffering from hidden energy poverty, with mean electricity consumption of 52 kWh per household per month. Residents have marginal (29%) access to clean fuels for cooking and accountable for an abnormal particulate matter count of 360 951 particles per cubic centimeter. Findings explicitly revealed the presence of overheated spaces with mean thermal preference of −0.6 conveying the need of cooler indoor environment. People tend to exhibit behavioral adjustments to cope up with prevailing extreme temperatures. Severity of heat stress informed by modified wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) reporting 90% (28–31 °C) of households facing higher risk of heat strain while remaining 10% (>31 °C) are in hazardous situation. Predicted mean vote (PMV) was 1.29 explains warm sensation with predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) 44.1% not complying to ASHRAE 55 standards. This detrimental combination of fuel poverty, lack of thermal comfort, and unacceptable indoor air quality has been a significant factor for 62% of the residences reporting at least one type of illness and being more prone to cardiovascular and respiratory disorders (37%). Thus, the study evidenced the presence of energy poverty and overheated interiors in the IDP's residences in hot tropics of Sri Lanka.
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An Exploration of Innovative Textile Construction With An integration of Traditional Dumbara Weaving and Contemporary Fashion
(Department of Integrated Design, Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa., 2022-11) Rajapaksha, I; Samarawickrama, S
The traditional craftmenship of Dumbara Rata Kalala weaving is one of the most iconic craft in Sri Lanka which is recently named as a UNESCO heritage craft. A rising number of indigenous crafts worldwide are now in danger of becoming extinct or endangered. The next steps of heritage craft is to understand the learning process and explore the intersects of how traditional craft and new innovative material processes can be combine for the modern design context. Discovering history and practice of Dumbara weaving with existing literature and community lead how to revitalized traditional Dumbara weaving. The uniqueness of Dumbara weaving is fabric structure of extra weft or supplementary weft patterning which uses two wefts for ground fabric and design motif and weaving a direct garment on treadle loom. The technique is exclusive to the dumbara loom with two hedles and two foot treadles and manual shuttle passing process. The possibilities of changing the structure and the fabric quality compared with 3D concepts of contemporary fashion based on the adaptability to the body while supporting body movements. The key finding of this experiment project is the 30 surface manipulation of Dumbara weaving using extra warp and weft elastic yarns. To revitalized learning outcome on dynamic body experiment framework identified three body placement; upper hand and leg , upper body along with hands and torso. Based on this body placements body movement range were identified and it was achieved through the double cloth weaving process. To gain vertical movement researcher used horizontal peaks with extra elastic warp technique. To gain horizontal movement researcher used vertical peaks with extra weft elastic technique. The technical knowledge and experiments were further developed based on design elements; colour, line, value, space, shape, form and texture. The learning outcome of 20 weaving technique to a 3D textured garment construction on loom implements with square garment silhouetts to create new knowledge on heritage craft through design intervention.
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Exploring thermal comfort in the context of historical conservation. A study of the vernacular architecture of Pompeii
(Taylor and Francis, 2018) Rajapaksha, I; Fiorito, F; Lazer, E; Sartogo, F
Investigations of the Vernacular Architecture of Pompeii revealed that little work had been carried out on the way the buildings respond to climate and to what extent these buildings were comfortable to the occupant given modern day standards. An integrated methodology from archaeology and architectural science techniques was developed and using a critical case study approach these questions were examined. A case study was selected as representative of the vernacular typology and that was suitably documented from the both methodological perspectives. A computer model was constructed from this data and simulations carried out using weather files from Naples. The findings from the computer simulation suggest that Romans would have been reasonably comfortable in summer; however, in winter the villas would need heating.
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Green architecture as an apparatus sustainable design : with special reference to contemporary Sri Lankan architectural practice
Ariyaratna, BAH; Rajapaksha, I
The world today is fast moving into highly sophisticated, technological realities where quality and conditions of living meant to be easier more than ever. In this exercise man has forgotten that is compromising resources and opportunities meant for a future. Subsequently entire plant has dragged to a greater risk of environmental devastation, which will be affected for a future in consequence. Damage done to the environment is such that life on earth is a 100% risk in terms of environmental consideration. At a wedge of this catastrophic event conception of 'sustainable development' has been introduced as a remedial action for an issue. As far as Architecture conserved in this context a great deal of exploration is usable within a practical reality. Further an a Architectural starting point will be responsible for a sensual manipulation of environment as most of a development strategies are associated with some sort of construction and building industry. In this context achieving of sustainable design solutions can be done using different channels and approaches. Green Architectural practice is highlighted as one of a most environmentally sensitive and productive means of realizing the foresaid aspect. This particular study focuses to seek a validity of practical realms of such a concept with contemporary application in Architectural practice in Sri Lanka.
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Harnessing archaeological and architectural science knowledge for cultural sustainability
Lazer, E; Hayman, S; Hyde, R; Rajapaksha, I; Sartogo, F; Calderaro, v;
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Indoor airflow behavior and thermal comfort in a courtyard house in warm humid tropics
Rajapaksha, I; Nagai, H; Okumiya, M
This paper assesses the effects of indoor airflow behavior modifying the indoor air temperature on thermal comfort conditions in a residential tropical courtyard building where courtyard maintains direct contacts with outdoor environment through openings found in the envelope. Results taken from a field investigation and a computer simulation reveal that given the ambient climatic conditions particular indoor airflow behaviors are sufficient to lower the indoor air temperatures below the ambient level in the courtyard as well as in surrounding internal spaces. Thus, thermal comfort condition not correlated to the number of openings but to the distribution pattern and volumetric rate of indoor airflow in enhancing heat exchange between wall surfaces and air. The optimum range of ambient wind direction, which required for optimum distribution and volumetric flow of indoor air, was found within a range of 30-60 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the courtyard and building.
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Indoor overheating and wellbeing of elders in tropics: an analysis of thermal comfort and skin temperature profiles
(IEEE, 2023-12-09) Sajjad, M; Rajapaksha, I; Siriwardana, C; Abeysooriya, R; Adikariwattage, V; Hemachandra, K
Global warming affects health and well-being of ageing population in hot climates of South Asia. Increasing ambient temperatures promote uncomfortable interiors. Thus, ensuring optimal thermal conditions is becoming increasingly challenging. The study focuses on indoor thermal exposure of elders living in tropical urban setting. Field investigation assessed thermal conditions of elderly residents and physical characteristics of their houses in Mattakuliya, Sri Lanka. Parameters for personal exposure assessment were measured on 100 elders and a questionnaire survey collected subjective feedback on thermal comfort. The calculated Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and infrared thermal images were used to assess the thermal comfort of elders. Objective measurements and survey responses enabled a holistic evaluation of their thermal conditions. The findings reveal, elders are living in over-heated houses (PMV 3) and their skin temperatures are high, in the range of 33°C to 39°C. Furthermore, they are ageing with non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol. Extreme heat causes adverse impacts by exacerbating symptoms and complications. Synergized evidence-based investigation of infrared thermography and PMV is an effective approach to assess thermal comfort. It facilitates in deriving appropriate interventions to improve well-being and mitigate health risks associated with over-heated interiors of ageing in place.
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Mapping a nexus between urban built form and energy intensity: case of office building stock in colombo municipal council of Sri Lanka
Rajapaksha, I; Jayasinghe, WS; Rajapaksha, U
Residential and commercial buildings consume one fifth of the world’s total energy and accounts for one third of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Annual Energy consumption in Sri Lanka has rapidly increased over the past years. Building accounts for 64.7% of the total national energy consumption in 2013 and 26.1% of the energy is consumed by non-domestic buildings. Thus highlights the importance of investigating the energy consumption of urban office building stock. Majority of the office buildings in Colombo are dominated by air-tight envelopes with glazed facades. . Thus demands for active systems to condition the indoor environments. This trend in the office building stock has originated energy intensive office interiors with an average annual building energy index of 250 KWh/m2.Although 80% of the urban building stock in Colombo Sri Lanka is composed of office buildings there is a limited research attention on the energy behavior of this building stock. Thus this study focuses on mapping a nexus between urban built form and energy intensity of the office building stock in Sri Lanka. Physical configuration of the building stock varies along the main arteries of the study focus area. Of which 53% and 47% of the buildings have a shallow and a deep plan form respectively.75% of the office buildings are attached with another structure and these physical configurations have a direct impact on the Building Energy Index. Further fenestration details of the critical façade have different compositions of glazed and Aluminum cladding Of which 17%, 26%, 57% are evident for glazed, Aluminium cladding and Aluminium cladding with glazed respectively. Results indicated that the energy intensity of the buildings associated with the orientation, fenestration detailing of the critical faced and building form.
item: Conference-Abstract
Mapping a nexus between urban built form and energy intensity : case of office building stock in Colombo Municipal council of Sri Lanka
Rajapaksha, I; Jayasinghe, WS; Rajapaksha, U
Residential and commercial buildings consume one fifth of the world’s total energy and accounts for one third of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Annual Energy consumption in Sri Lanka has rapidly increased over the past years. Building accounts for 64.7% of the total national energy consumption in 2013 and 26.1% of the energy is consumed by non-domestic buildings. Thus highlights the importance of investigating the energy consumption of urban office building stock. Majority of the office buildings in Colombo are dominated by air-tight envelopes with glazed facades. . Thus demands for active systems to condition the indoor environments. This trend in the office building stock has originated energy intensive office interiors with an average annual building energy index of 250 KWh/m2.Although 80% of the urban building stock in Colombo Sri Lanka is composed of office buildings there is a limited research attention on the energy behavior of this building stock. Thus this study focuses on mapping a nexus between urban built form and energy intensity of the office building stock in Sri Lanka. Physical configuration of the building stock varies along the main arteries of the study focus area. Of which 53% and 47% of the buildings have a shallow and a deep plan form respectively.75% of the office buildings are attached with another structure and these physical configurations have a direct impact on the Building Energy Index. Further fenestration details of the critical façade have different compositions of glazed and Aluminum cladding Of which 17%, 26%, 57% are evident for glazed, Aluminium cladding and Aluminium cladding with glazed respectively. Results indicated that the energy intensity of the buildings associated with the orientation, fenestration detailing of the critical faced and building form.