Browsing by Author "Kavirathna, CA"

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item: Conference-Abstract
Competitive assessment of container port development in Sri Lanka
(Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, 2018-08) Kavirathna, CA; Hanaoka, S; Kawasaki, T; Pasindu, HR
Owing to the strategic location of Sri Lanka with the world maritime networks, Colombo port is developed as a main transshipment hub port, given that majority of containers throughput being represented by transshipment cargo. Within this context, the expansion of Colombo port and the development of Hambantota port were initiated by Sri Lankan Port Authority. This paper discusses the container port developments related to Colombo and Hambantota ports considering both domestic and transshipment container handling. Total domestic laden container throughput is disaggregated into 25 districts in Sri Lanka for domestic cargo flow analysis. For the transshipment cargo flow analysis, twelve selected feeder ports in the Indian sub-continent are considered, which are grouped into three feeder markets namely, Indian East-coast, South-coast and West-coast feeder markets. A discrete choice model together with the generalized cost approach, is used for modelling the gateway port choice behaviours of local shippers/consignees considering basic container haulage cost, detention fee, transport time cost, waiting time cost, and terminal handling charges. Transshipment hub port choice of shipping lines is quantified considering the range of hub port selection criteria discussed under monetary, time, port traffic, location, operation and liner related categories, according to the context of current study. The autoregressive integrated moving average model is used to forecast container volumes in 2040, which is considered as the target year. The liner programming simplex optimization method is used to calculate the additional generalized cost of shippers/consignees with the given slot capacity constraints at Colombo. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to analyse impacts from the split of liner services. High attractiveness of Colombo port for domestic container handling and Hambantota for transshipment container handling, was revealed. Scenario analysis indicates the significance of accessing the road development and incentive scheme at Hambantota port to reduce generalized cost of local shippers/consignees. The impacts from additional waiting time for liner services and slot capacity constraints at Colombo port are analysed, where a significant negative impact on local shippers/consignees was revealed. Recommendations are made considering the impacts on local shippers/consignees, shipping lines, the port authority and maritime competitiveness of the country.
item: Conference-Extended-Abstract
Competitive dynamics among cross regional hub ports: generalised cost approach
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2017-07) Kavirathna, CA; Tomoya, K; Hanaoka, S; Gunaruwan, TL
item: Article-Full-text
Cooperation with a vessel transfer policy for coopetition among container terminals in a single port
(Elsevier, 2020) Kavirathna, CA; Kawasaki, T; Hanaoka, S; Bandara, YM
This paper discusses the effects of the cooperation among terminal operators in a single port as a part of their coopetition strategy in order to increase overall port competitiveness by minimizing vessel traffic congestion and berthing delays at terminals. A mixed-integer programming model is formulated incorporating game-theoretical decision-making, and then tested with the Port of Colombo, Sri Lanka. The results show that depending on the terminals’ objectives, namely “minimizing total penalty cost” and “maximizing total profit,” cooperation among terminals in the operation stage reduces berthing delays and increases terminal utilization than in the status quo, where terminals do not cooperate in the operation stages. This paper discusses policy recommendations to increase the effectiveness of vessel transfers, while also considering the port authority’s policies toward enforcing penalty charges for berthing delays and collecting terminal fees from concession terminals.
item: Conference-Full-text
Northern sea route vs. suez canal route: effects of emission control measures
(Sri Lanka Society of Transport and Logistics, 2023-08-26) Kavirathna, CA; Shibasaki, R; Gunaruwan, TL
Retreat of Arctic Sea ice makes the Northern Sea Route (NSR) an alternative maritime corridor over the Suez Canal Route (SCR), although more NSR voyages generate vessel-based emissions to the fragile Arctic Sea. Thus, emissions-control measures (ECM) are considered for sustainable NSR navigation, although they would harm NSR’s feasibility. This study analyzes NSR’s feasibility with the effect of speed optimization as an operational ECM, heavy fuel oil (HFO)-banned area and emission tax as regulatory ECMs and an emission trading system (ETS) as a market-based ECM compared to SCR. An optimization model decides vessel speeds and HFO-banned areas for minimizing cost and emissions of voyages. Free-ice, medium-ice, and heavy-ice scenarios are analyzed considering spatial-temporal variation of ice conditions. Several scenarios indicate fewer emissions and costs with NSR than SCR. Ice-breaking requirement, slow steaming potential, and fuel prices significantly influence on NSR’s feasibility. Effect of ETS is analyzed considering 174 voyages via NSR over SCR. An optimization model decides optimum route considering marginal abatement cost. Results found 37 and 81 voyages for NSR if SCR’s speed equals 10 and 15 knots, respectively. NSR voyages increase at high prices of carbon allowance and results vary based on the free-emissions quota and navigation month.