Browsing by Author "Jayawardena, B"

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item: Thesis-Abstract
Development of an effective and enforceable effluent control system for industrial estates in Sri Lanka
Jayawardena, B; Gunawardena, ND
As a result of rapid industrialization and the poor attention paid to control industrial pollution a remarkable increase in generation of pollutants and accumulation of wastes are observed in the country. Industries have conveniently ignored the treatment of industrial effluents due to weak or virtually non existent regulatory enforcement. Central wastewater treatment plants in many industrial estates are not functioning effectively and surface water bodies have become polluted and continue to create a threat to public health, aquatic life and sustainability of the environment. Therefore, the need for an effective and enforceable industrial pollution management system has been identified as a prime requirement in the country. The objective of this research was to develop an effective and enforceable effluent control policy and strategy based on a mix of market based incentives for environmental compliance combined with an element of command and control characteristics for industries in industrial estates in Sri Lanka. Biyagama Export Processing Zone was taken as the proxy for current effluent control system in industrial estates in Sri Lanka. The proposed effluent control system was was developed based on experiences of other countries and feasibility studies conducted in the Sri Lankan context on effectiveness of using economic incentives in controlling pollution. Efforts were made to address the present limitations in the public sector where the lack of accountability of the regulatory agencies resulted in poor effluent monitoring and weak enforcement, with a pragmatic system that transferred the burden of proof of compliance from the regulatory agency to the industrialist. Literature review includes experiences and similar case studies from countries like Germany, Japan, Indonesia, China, Australia and Sri Lanka. The research proposes a load based license fee scheme for the effluent generating industries in industrial estates in Sri Lanka. This system will make industries responsible for industrial pollution control through self monitoring and minimizes the involvement of the regulator in routine monitoring and passes the burden of proof of compliance to the industrialist. The regulator's role is limited to ad-hoc compliance monitoring to verify the self monitoring data from the industrialist combined with a effluent charges for ensuring compliance with national environmental standards. The environmental management policy proposed makes the polluter responsible for environment protection by offering economic incentives to reduce and control pollution. This is one of the strategies priorities outlined in the National Industrial Pollution Management Action Plan and is a long time need of the country. It is expected that adoption of the environment management system proposed as a result of this research will result in a significant improvement in compliance of national environmental standards.
item: Thesis-Full-text
Impact of information and communication on spare parts delivery lead time during AOG situation in aviation industry
Jayawardena, B; Adikariwattage, V
This research is carried out to study the impact of information and communication on delivery lead time of aircraft spare parts during aircraft on ground (AOG) situation in aviation industry. The industry operating cost is very high and includes labour, fuel, aircraft maintenance, spare parts and equipment, licensing, crew training, insurance and airport landing and parking fees. In addition to these costs, a very high cost causes to the operator when a scheduled flight cancelled and ground the aircraft due to a technical failure that emerge suddenly. Then the operator faces a challenge of supplying the required spare parts immediately to repair the aircraft and thereby spare parts delivery lead time becomes very critical in aviation supply chain management. The problems that airline operators face with aircraft maintenance are; High cost of spare parts and life limited items are made to order with delivery lead time, Spares supply connect with multiple suppliers, Quality and safety conformity requirements, Regulatory obligations for transport/export/import, High dependency on logistics mode for transportation and Delivery lead time. Treuner during his survey on aviation and aerospace industry supply chain behavior has found that aviation industry supply chains are becoming more vulnerable than ever before due to globalization and complexity. He identifies main causes for the supply chain disruption are as resource constraints, communication and quality issue followed by suppliers and forwarders inefficiencies. (“Aviation and aerospace supply chains move eastwards,” n.d.). This lead to an industrial need to study the impact of communication flow on delivery lead time in supply chain management among other factors. Previous research on impact of communication flow on delivery lead time could not find during the literature survey and identified the research gap need to fulfil for the industry. This research studies the flow of communication and information across the supply chain and their impact on spare parts delivery lead time at AOG situation under specific focus where the spare parts need to be procured and supplied and not found in stock inventory at the time AOG. The data was collected with respect to a small scale international air cargo operator in Sri Lanka. Learned experiences can be share with similar small-scale airline operators for the improvements in their supply chain management. Chapter outline of this research includes, introduction to the industry, literature survey on communication and information sharing impact on delivery lead time in supply chain, research methodology, data analysis, results and observations and conclusion and recommendations. Due to the complex nature of supply chain network and uncertainty involved in delivery lead time, PERT statistical tool was used as the research methodology. The research outcome identified the sequence of communication flow in the procurement process and the critical activities involved. It also shows that procurement process has four major time constraints that occur at external stakeholders in the upstream of the supply chain and has limited control to the operator; time taken for receiving quote from a supplier and order confirmation, payment to effect at supplier’s bank, logistics arrangement and transportation. Handling of logistics and transport is complex and involved high risk of changes in flight schedules and cargo offloading which results in delivery delays. It was identified that activities most likely to make errors in communication are identification of correct part number by the engineer, communicating the part number to procurement, communication across supplier network to find the identical part number and communication between forwarder, airline and shipper on shipping instructions. Most common errors found are wrong part number or incomplete part number, supplier ship different part number instead the purchased part number, goods ship to different location without following delivery instructions and short deliveries. Propose to re-structure the procurement process internal communications such that waiting time for internal response minimized by minimizing non-value activities and serial communications. Instead serial communication, parallel communications and use of ICT technology such as cloud computing systems are encouraged to use during approval obtaining and decision-making activities.