Browsing by Author "De Silva, S"

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Advancements in sustainable housing practices in Australia
(2013-11-15) De Silva, S
Australian housing industry practices, especially in the single and low to medium density housing development sectors are predominantly driven by the volume builders. Here the term, volume builders, refers to a practice of high volume of cloning. Individually designed owner builder house are very limited in Australia. Within such an industry environmentally unsustainable practice could multiply significantly at much faster rate. Australian living standard is resource intensive and the life style is high on the consumption of water and energy. For example living space, energy consumption, water consumption and embodied energy usage per capita are, relatively, at a much higher level. It is therefore envisaged that the positive influence on the sustainable practices can be affected efficiently through policy innovations and regulatory measures. Since early 2000, the topic of sustainable housing has been a very active area of discussion. Therefore, over the last ten years, notable progress was made in this sphere. Attention was drawn by the media through public debates and significant improvements have been observed in policy improvements, R&D activities and in engineering curricula. This paper presents the positive outcomes of current practices, policy innovations, research and education.
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Artefacts of Culture: Christmas postage stamps of Sri Lanka
(Department of Integrated Design, Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa., 2022-11) De Silva, S; Samarawickrama, S; Samarawickrama, S
Postage stamps are a fundamental part of a communication system, the postal service of a country. Although postage stamps are less encountered in daily lives today, as official documents designed, printed and issued by states, they remain primary sources of global material and visual culture. Produced by people of a specific community for purposeful communication, a postage stamp is inherent of symbolic visual content. therefore can be viewed as an artefact of the culture that it was produced in. When looking at philatelic practices of Sri Lanka, Christmas marks a notable commemoration. Christmas is celebrated religiously by over 2 billion Christians in Sri Lanka, as well as culturally by many non—Christians. Such festi— vals of national importance are an ideal time to promote the ethnic, cultural, social, and historical charac— teristics of the nation through commemorative stamps. Complementing the National Christmas celebra— tions, Sri Lankan government issues a Christmas postage stamp, annually. Since its inauguration in 1980, there has been a total of 35 issues of Christmas stamps. In this study 5 issues of Christmas postage stamps were analyzed to learn how the information intrinsic to culture is inscribed within them. The Christmas ' postage stamps of Sri Lanka have its roots in Sri Lankan Christian culture. Through this study it was found that Christmas postage stamps of Sri Lanka are planned as carriers of material as well as conceptual elements of Christian culture, to the audiences.
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Blockchain-based software subscription and licenses management system
(Information Technology Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology, University of Moratuwa., 2023-12-07) De Alwis, H; Wijayasiri, A; De Silva, S; De Silva, K; Piyatilake, ITS; Thalagala, PD; Ganegoda, GU; Thanuja, ALARR; Dharmarathna, P
Current software licensing models exhibit shortcomings in transparency, security, and adaptability. Addressing these challenges, this study presents a novel blockchain-based licensing system using the Ethereum platform. By employing smart contracts and the ERC721 and ERC20 token standards, the system ensures automated, transparent, and secure license agreement enforcement and facilitates license token operations. Influenced by the rise of subscription licenses and the implications of the UsedSoft court decision, the research designs a blockchain-driven subscription license model, analyses the UsedSoft case’s impact on license transfers, and formulates specialized smart contracts for varied licensing models. The approach signifies a marked advancement in contemporary software licensing practices.
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Computer integration for sri lankan industries - a review
(Engineering Research Unit, Faculty of Engiennring, University of Moratuwa, 1995-03) De Silva, S; Wijesoma, WS; De Alwis, AAP; Dias, WPS
production and manufacturing industries employ obsolete methodologies. However with the advent of personal computers in the early 1980's the user community enlarged very rapidly. The telecommunication infrastructure has been enhanced in the last five years allowing private networks such as cellular methodology for computer interconnectivity. A good example of optimum use of these facilities is that of local private banks that open many branches on the Uni Bank principle using centralized host computer directly connected to the branches as well as ATMs at strategic locations in the city. Moreover the printing and publishing industry seems to have absorbed new computer based technology successfully where operations carried out are predominantly image acquisition, image setting and printing. This paper is an outcome of an ongoing survey carried out mainly to assess the areas of application and extent of computerization in the Industrial Sectors in Sri Lanka.
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Development of an electric drive system for conventional automobiles
Randeny, V; Herath, A; Jayaweera, ND; De Silva, S
Numerous studies have been conducted motor driven vehicles powered by different energy sources. Solar energy,fuel cells and super
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Development of expert system for the seismic vulnerability of existing masonry structures
Padmal, HMSS; De Silva, S; De Silva, S
The collapse of unreinforced masonry structures, that are distributed around the earthquake prone areas of the world, is one of the main causes of death in earthquake disasters. Due to improper methods, lack of knowledge for the construction and maintenance, every year thousands of casualties and collapsing masonry houses are reported. Most of the masonry building structures in Sri Lanka are designed only to bare the gravity loads, as there have no severe earthquake events frequently been affected. Even though, Sri Lanka was believed to have no seismic threats, it is now realized that Sri Lanka can no longer be considered as a country safe from seismic threats following the recent events that occurred in and around the island. Hence the need for evaluating the seismic adequacy of the existing masonry structures has come into focus. For this purpose, an expert system which contains specific knowledge for masonry structures was developed with the collected data from visual inspection survey, numerical calculations and field experiment.
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Development of repairing methods for damaged structures due to chloride attack in the marine environment
(2013-11-12) Perera, BBL; Priyadarshana, RDSI; De Silva, S; De Silva, S
Many reinforced concrete structures around the world are deteriorated before their design life time due to environmental effects. Chloride attack is one of the major causes of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. Chloride contamination can occur from the application of de-icing salts, from cast-in chlorides or from seawater as structures close to marine environment. In Sri Lanka there is no any type of repairing method to repair the damaged structures due to chloride attack. Most of the times the authorities replace the damaged bridges with new ones whenever there is a failure due to corrosion. This research is mainly focused on developing a repairing method to repair the corroded bridges in the coastal belt. There are many methods are used to repair the corroded structures, by this the most appropriate method is selected. There are several methods to repair damaged structure which is subjected to chloride attack. Electrochemical chloride extraction, applying a repair mortar and use of corrosion inhibitors are few of those methods. This research is mainly concerning about developing a repair mortar to repair the damaged reinforced concrete structures. A repair mortar is developed with less permeability characteristics with fly ash and silica fume. Calcium nitrate is used as an inhibitor additive to the repair mortar. Rapid chloride permeability test is carried out to few cylindrical samples to test the permeability of the repair mortar. Accelerated corrosion test is used to provide an aggressive environment to the test specimens. Finally the chloride concentration variation with the depth of the specimen was measured by titrating concrete powder samples with silver nitrate. Standard bridge rating systems are used to rate the bridges in coastal belt. Most suitable method to the country is selected.
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Dynamic Response of RC Bridges due to Heavy Vehicles
(2015-12-29) Sooriyaarachchi, TM; Aththanayaka, WAMTCW; De Silva, S; De Silva, S
As a South Asian country, Sri Lanka is having a promising development in infrastructures in the country. Amidst of them, concrete bridges that are constructed in highways and expressways have substantial effect on developing transportation sector. The performance evaluation of bridges starts with the inspection of the bridge to determine the present condition. Currently, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) in most of the developed countries is characterized by traditional visual inspection along with referencing of old inspection reports to maintain an accurate account of the bridges condition. This paper presents evaluating method for current condition of reinforced concrete bridges by evaluating dynamic characteristics of the bridge. Accelerations of the bridge were measured by imposed in moving vehicles. For the measurements, tri-axial accelerometer was used. Analysing of the acceleration is complex due very large number of readings and acceleration values required to filter from other disturbances. Matlab program was developed to filter and analyse the acceleration readings. In addition, displacements were calculated from the acceleration waveforms to evaluate bridge stiffness for different moving loads. The effect of the loads generated by moving vehicles on the displacement of the bridge is varying with the speed of the vehicle. To simulate that in model of the structure, an appropriate method was applied. By considering both result taken from actual acceleration measurements and the model, current condition state of the bridge was evaluated.
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Effect of green workplace environment on employee performance
(2013-11-26) Samaranayake, SU; De Silva, S
Today, to minimize the negative environmental impacts establishment of green buildings has become a worldwide trend. Many industries are adopting Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification, as a global benchmark for high performing green buildings. This concept is new to Sri Lanka and the impact of LEED on employee performance and satisfaction has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the perceptions of employees regarding their green workplace environment and its impact on their performance. The study was conducted with randomly selected, 30 factory staff members and 30 factory workers in an export apparel company that has won a platinum award for LEED. Majority of employees (68.9%) mainly factory staff members, had a good understanding about the LEED practices. Employees believe that introduction of LEED created a good impact on their work lives. About 86% of employees perceive that their performance has improved after establishing the green building. The green building has rewarded the company by improving its employee performance, saving energy and resources, maintaining the market, and creating a better public image.
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Evaluation of current condition state of reinforced concrete structures exposed to severe environmental condition
(2013-11-26) Gunathilaka, PDDG; Karunarathna, EVDND; Chathuranga, TWAG; De Silva, S
Deterioration of reinforced concrete structures arise due to corrosion of steel present in concrete which leads to structural failure. A number of techniques and methods are being followed and studied by various researchers to predict the service life of the reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Chlorides initiate the corrosion of embedded reinforcements, which not only produces signs of deterioration on the concrete surface, such as rusting, cracking and spalling, but also reduces the load-carrying capacity. This paper discusses service life prediction methods of RC structures exposed to severe environmental conditions. Several methods were used to predict the service life and current condition state of the existing structures. Based on the mathematical modeling, the corrosion process could be formulated by three stages. They are namely, the initiation time (tc), the de-passivation time (tp), and the corrosion propagation time (tcorr). The total service life of RC structures can be expressed as summation of these time periods. In addition, crack observation method based on visual observation on the samples and existing structures and Accelerated Corrosion Testing Method (ASTM) was carried out at the laboratory. To identify the diffusion coefficient of the samples, the Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT) was carried out at the laboratory. Current condition assessment of the existing concrete structures was evaluated by using nondestructive techniques. This paper briefly discusses the current status of RC structures deteriorated by chloride attack in the Galle area, experimental investigation results and numerical analysis of corrosion cracking.
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Factors influencing the effectiveness of human behavior in designed landscapes: two case studies in Sri Lanka
(Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa, 2016) De Silva, S; Hettiarachchi, A; Wijesundara, J; Dayaratne, R
Urban recreational spaces are meant for people to gather, relax, refresh and improve their interaction, thus should be designed consciously and sensitively to have a positive impact on a person’s cognition. The indicator of this impact will be the corresponding behaviour of users. A Landscape Architect is expected to influence the user’s movements and behaviour in creating a desired responsive atmosphere, not only by just designing pathways or furniture arrangements, but also by facilitating user’s movements and behaviour patterns associated with them. Several recreational landscape design interventions have emerged in urban areas of Sri Lanka during the recent past which seems to function well. However, whether these spaces really fulfil the above behavioural need is worth investigating. This paper intends to explore five significant factors which influence effective human behaviour in urban public spaces applicable to recreational landscape designs namely; variety, safety, convertibility, scale and permeability as commonly identified by the eminent scholars; Alexander 1977,Rapoport1977,Bentley et al, 1985and Gehl, 2010. Leading to an investigation on factors unique to Sri Lankan context, a case study survey was implemented in Diyatha Uyana, Baththramulla (n=30) and Urban wetland park, Nugagoda(n=30) with the use of questionnaires, behavioural mapping, observations and then analysed with spatial syntax software. Design following behaviour as well as design against behaviour was observed in both cases. Diyatha Uyana was ranked comparatively high with reference to all the factors tested dominated by variety over Urban Wetland Park. Lack of convertibility, sense of scale, safety and sensitivity to the psychophysiological and behavioural requirements of human beings related to recreation were found to be the weak points inducing design against behaviour of the users and needs careful attention in future recreational landscape design interventions.
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Fault detection and diagnosis of automobiles without obd systems
Subasinghe, LU; Mendis, KTD; Chandima, PKT; Jayaweera, ND; De Silva, S
Early fault diagnosis for automobile engines is very important to ensure reliable operation of the engine. Most of e faults in an automobile engine cannot be detected externally. Detecting faults and its’ location, without dismantling the engme is very difficult. On-board diagnostic (OBD) systems in modem vehicles can be used to detect engine faults up to some extent.'However, OBD systems are not accurate enough in certain conditions and technicians having difficulties when interpretation of information. OBD method cannot be used for old vehicles. Hence, these factors necessitate the development of intelligent and accurate diagnosis method for troubleshooting automobile engine faults. Therefore, a mathematical model is developed to identify engine faults through the simulation of Instantaneous Angular Speed Fluctuation (IASF) of crank shaft. Three force components created by gas pressure, inertia of the moving parts and friction of the moving parts are used to generate the mathematical model. The parameters of the model are modified according to the potential faulty condition and IASF waveform is recorded and compared in different fault scenarios. Type of the fault and the severity of the fault are identified through the comparison. Experiments are conducted using a healthy automobile engine to validate the simulation results. The characteristic parameters for representing potential faults in an automobile engine and their relationship with IASF of the crank shaft are obtained for fault diagnosing. Furthermore a graphical user interface is developed to analyse instantaneous angular speed waveform which can be used as a real time engine condition monitoring system.
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Gender performativity in urban public spaces- case of fort railway station, Colombo
(Centre for Cities & Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2023-04) De Silva, S; De Silva, L; De Silva, W; Dayaratne, R; Wijesundara, J
This paper explores the way spaces are gendered, by qualitatively analyzing public spaces under a feminist perspective. It looks at spatial attributes and everyday actions to understand the subjectivity and reality of spaces. The term “gendered spaces” is used when power dynamics of gender are reflected in a space. This could be perceived as a result of defining gender roles associated with public-private spatial divisions. The railways were pioneering urban interventions that contributed to blurring these strict boundaries of space. Women, the seemingly disadvantaged group, found empowerment through the increased accessibility, but were yet subjected to discrimination and inequal opportunity. This phenomenon is reflected in the historical evolution of Colombo Fort railway station. Under this background, physical and social attributes of spaces within and around Colombo Fort railway station are assessed under Gender Performativity theory, through activity mapping, interviews, surveys and videographic observations. Furthermore, spaces were understood through tactical responses; everyday practices of regular users, which were categorized as “activity” and “signs”. The findings of the case study showed that women navigated through the public space with comparatively less freedom and higher caution even in the absence of physical obstructions. A higher percentage of men identified their occupancy at the station as partially recreational, while women’s occupancy was determined by the need for safety, privacy or functional needs. The performative nature of gender becomes evident in the study; the conditional access granted for women as well as their own actions signified their subordinate position, while men expressed authority in space when the social order was challenged. However, instead of merely being victimized; women seeked empowerment within the patriarchal structure itself, rather than directly challenging or disrupting the system. These gendered responses to spatial attributes contribute continuously through time in reshaping and restructuring of social structures and gender norms.
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Impact of gamification on customer experience and perceived value in the Sri Lankan telecommunication market
(Business Research Unit (BRU), 2024) Samarasinghe, GD; Kuruppu, GN; Sisara, HT; De Silva, S; Gallage, HPS; Campos, PS
The telecommunication services industry has grown rapidly in Sri Lanka over the past few decades. But, for a tiny island nation with a relatively low population figure, the number of active telecommunication service providers operating in the country is considerably high. In the current market situation, no service provider has a competitive edge over technology. Hence, companies take the customer experience very seriously as the perceived value towards the service provider is one of the main deciding factors for a customer when gamification. Thus, this study aims to identify the effect of gamification and customer experience on perceived value in the Sri Lankan Telecommunication market. A representative sample of 200 gamification users was selected and the feedback was collected using a structured questionnaire. Using SPSS 24 software, the characteristics of the sample were analyzed through descriptive statistics, and research objectives were achieved by testing hypotheses using correlation and regression analysis. The results evidenced that the relationships between gamification and perceived value, gamification and customer experience, and customer experience and perceived value have a significant, moderate & 0positive linear relationship. Further, it was found that customer experience provides a significant, partial, and positive impact on gamification and perceived value. The findings of the study help practitioners to uplift the use of gamification in their marketing strategy.
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Incorporating natural fibres for precast slab panels
Kumara, WGL; De Silva, S; De Silva, SGHMJ
The addition of small closely spaced and uniformly dispersed fibres to concrete can act as a crack arrester and improves its static and dynamic properties. This is known as fibre reinforced concrete, which can also be defined as the concrete containing fibrous materials which increases its structural performance. So usage of coconut coir as a replacement material for steel reinforcement cage in reinforced precast concrete slab panel will be investigated. At the initial stage concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms were casted with different coconut coir compositions (0.5%,1.0% &1.5%) for water cement ratio of 0.3. From that it has observed that 1% of coconut coir would give the optimum result for concrete having 0.3 water cement ratio. Two sets of slab specimens as control specimen (without coconut coir) and with optimum percentage (1.0%) of coconut coir were casted and subjected to center-point line loading test (ASTM C 293) and dropping weight test (ASTM D 1557) to evaluate structural suitability and impact energy absorption of precast slab panel. Concrete permeability apparatus used to compare the water permeability between plain concrete and coconut coir mixed concrete.
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Incorporating recycled PET fibres for concrete Cylindrical Culverts
(2016-01-06) Rathnayaka, RMMP; Malshan, WVD; De Silva, S; De Silva, S
Fiber reinforced concrete is one of the prominent solutions for many problems that concrete had from its early stage. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber is a sustainable solution for fiber reinforced concrete since it makes fiber material an eco-friendly material. It’s a well-known fact that steel reinforced concrete is vulnerable to corrosion. It is accelerated in the water conveying elements such as concrete pipes. So usage of PET fibers as a replacement material for steel reinforcement cage in reinforced concrete pipe element would definitely have a long life. At the initial stage concrete cubes were casted with different fiber compositions for water cement ratio of 0.3 and 0.45.From that it has observed that 2% of PET fiber would give the optimum result for concrete having 0.3 water cement ratio. Three sets of specimens (plain concrete, Reinforced concrete and PET fiber concrete) were subjected to three-edge-bearing test. It was identified that PET fiber reinforced concrete is the most applicable method for production of concrete pipes. Because manufacturing of the cage form of the conventional reinforcement bars adjusted for concrete pipes requires special bending, welding, and placement machinery, and also it is time-consuming. PET fibres of standard sizes, on the other hand, can be added to the pan-mixer of any concrete plant as if they were another aggregate or mineral admixture. Without any extra process modification, PET-fibre concrete can be produced and cast in the moulds similar to the ordinary plain concrete. Therefore it can be declared that PET-fibre concrete pipes seem to be an economical alternative to the classically-reinforcedconcrete pipes.
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Influence of actual environmental factors on shrinkage behaviour of concrete containing mineral compounds
(2013-11-26) Naotunna, CN; Jayawardene, ELAI; Seneviratne, DAM; De Silva, S; De Silva, S
This study was carried out to check whether the shrinkage can be reduced by using mineral admixtures and the shrinkage behavior of concrete containing mineral admixtures in actual environmental conditions. Since there are several environmental factors affecting on this shrinkage of concrete. Observation of shrinkage cracks in concrete structures is the most important aspect. Other than the observed data, it was necessary to get the predicted measurements of shrinkage from specific codes and models. But all these equations and models have been modeled in specific environmental situations. For most of them temperature and relative humidity values have taken as constants or under the control lab conditions. These codes or equations don’t represent the exact situation for the structures in the local environmental conditions. Therefore in this study, one of the main aims is to find out, which model or code equation gives the most relevant relationship for the shrinkage strain in structures under actual environmental conditions.
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Intelligent buildings for intelligent people A concept
(2013-11-19) De Silva, S; Dias, P
The past decade has seen unparalleled evolution in the field of Materials engineering. Largely due to the unique properties seen in materials in the nanoscale relative to their macroscopic counterparts, nanomaterials as an example can be used to enhance tensile strength, insulation and are biomimicable. These properties combined with integrated structural monitoring and diagnostics systems are set to revolutionize the construction industry. Current research shows the inclusion of self healing properties, bringing these endeavors full cycle. Structural integrity is a key facet of building maintenance which historically has been evaluated on the basis of empirical studies stemming from lifecycle analysis of the concerned structure. The associated costs, lead times and lost revenue due to these activities can be mitigated by using materials which are engineered to report the parameters of concern to building monitoring systems. These systems can be the resultant of nanocomposite materials which are self organizing in nature, in turn forming interrogation capable grids. Dielectric and complex impedance measurements of these grids will be sampled through an analog to digital conversion interface linking the captured data on to the building management system. Alerts can be issued in real time when material boundaries are crossed, indicating impeding structural changes. Constants associated with the nanocomposite materials will set the thresholds for the alerts. The captured raw data would have the ability to monitor parameters such as vibration, stress/stain (piezoelectric materials) and thermal gradients (temperature coefficient of complex impedance). Furthermore, materials such as TiO2 facilitate photocatalysis, where the free radicals can be used for the oxidization of organic matter resulting in self cleaning surfaces. Anatase titanium dioxide can also be used in the form of a composite addition to cement for Bio mimicking structures to be used to offset our carbon footprint. Although yields of such activities remain low, the research too is in its infancy. By monitoring the redox reactions of these materials in the form mentioned above, it will be possible to observe the conversion efficiency as live “heat map”, resulting in much needed empirical data. Reportedly, the use of TiO2 has been used to control the growth of biological matter. As deterioration of structures due to biological matter is immense, these properties will allow for the control and monitoring of the design and environmental parameters which facilitate their growth. Macroscopically the construction industry is poised to benefit greatly by these immediate changes that nanotechnology has brought to the materials engineering. Resultant structures would encompass the low carbon footprint which is expected and sought after in the current climate as well as the economic and safety benefits inherent of such activities. This paper reviews a range of concepts and technologies capable of harmonizing built environment and the state of the art in monitoring and energy capture.
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Investigation of compressive strength of concrete containing rice-husk-ash
(2013-11-15) Uduweriya, RBYB; Subash, C; Sulfy, MMA; De Silva, S
The rice husk ash (RHA) is a pozzolanic material that can be blended with the Portland cement in concrete to obtain a better performance of normal concrete. This paper proclaims an experimental investigation on utilization of RHA for the concrete as it is a byproduct of brick-kilns in Sri Lanka. The results of three different replacement percentages of RHA in concrete (10%, 20% and 30% by mass of cement) were compared with the concrete that does not contain RHA. Those samples were tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, surface water absorption and the durability aspects. A comparative study on chemical composition and physical properties was carried out and the experimental results were discussed. A significant improvement on the compressive strength at early stage is identified and optimum strength was achieved at the 20% RHA replacement by mass of cement. The strength of the concrete with different sizes of RHA particles was compared to identify the effects of particle size of RHA. Around 50% of the RHA collected from the brick-kiln can be utilized for the concrete after proper grinding.
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Investigation of Strength Parameters and Physical Properties of non-class Timber Species in Sri Lanka
(2016-01-06) Ruwanpathirana, BS; Rathnayaka, RMCP; De Silva, S; De Silva, S
Timber is a commonly used construction material in Sri Lanka. But the strength parameters of locally available non-class timber are not available. In this study main objectives are to determine strength parameters and physical properties of selected local timber materials and to develop a strength class classification with their possible applications in the construction field. Different strength parameter tests are conducted in bending, compression (grain parallel and perpendicular), tension (parallel to grains), and shear perpendicular to grain. In addition, durability, fire resistance tests and physical properties such as dry density, bulk density, and water absorption were carried out. For those tests BS 373 (1957) and EURO CODE 5 were used as references. Average moisture contents of nonclass timber specimens were around 12%, modulus of elasticity varies 3200 MPa - 13,000 MPa, modulus of rupture varies 37 MPa – 85 MPa, dry density varies 600 kg/m3 - 900 kg/m3. Strength parameters at serviceability limit, mainly compressive strength at parallel to grains varies 13 MPa - 45 MPa, and compressive strength perpendicular to grains varies 3 MPa – 22 MPa in most of the non-class timber species. Shear capacity of perpendicular to graons of non-class timber materials varies 0.9 MPa - 5 MPa at serviceability limit. Tension capacities of timber materials vary 35 MPa - 100 MPa and charring rate of timber species varies 0.25 mm/min - 0.8 mm/min. Similarly other test parameters were investigated and presented in the paper. Finally identified non-class timber species were classified according to available strength classes and proposed suitable applications for each type.